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Probabilistic Evaluation of Seawall Performance Against Wave Run-Up and Overtopping Under Variable Water Levels at Serui Fuel Terminal

Maritime Park: Journal of Maritime Technology and Society · Vol. ume (2026) · pp. 68–79

DOI
10.62012/mp.vi.48184
ISSN
2828-6669, 2828-7010
Published
2026-02-05
Publisher
Department of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University
Language
en
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstract

Seawalls are one of the coastal protection structures commonly used to reduce the risk of wave overtopping, especially in critical coastal infrastructure. At the Fuel Terminal in Serui, overtopping events have been recorded causing damage to several facilities, even under moderate wave conditions. This study evaluates the performance of the existing seawall under the combined influence of probabilistic waves (H2%, H10%, H33%) and sea level variations (MSL and HWL). A 20-year wave dataset (2002–2021) obtained from ECMWF was statistically analyzed, followed by theoretical wave transformation toward the shoreline. Wave run-up was calculated based on the Iribarren-type formulation and empirical equations, in which the 2% exceedance run-up (R2%) was estimated using the probabilistic extreme wave height (H2%) following established empirical correlations for smooth seawalls. Overtopping discharge was estimated using an exponential formula and compared with established overtopping impact classifications. Results indicate that under High Water Level (HWL) conditions, all run-up values exceeded the seawall crest elevation (+1.93 m relative to MSL), with R2% reaching 3.3 m and a maximum overtopping discharge of 92 l/s/m, corresponding to a high functional damage risk. Wave overtopping does not compromise the structural integrity of the seawall but can cause significant functional damage to facilities and operation behind the wall. Even under MSL conditions, overtopping still occurred for extreme wave conditions (H2%), These results are consistent with field observations in 2020, confirming that the existing seawall geometry and smooth surface contribute to limited wave energy dissipation. Unlike conventional deterministic assessments, this study introduces a probabilistic and field-validated evaluation framework that integrates run-up and overtopping analysis under varying water levels, providing a more realistic basis for assessing seawall performance for future adaptive redesign strategies.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 105 co-authorship links · 1 across different organisations · showing the 40 most connected

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • State University of Semarang
  • Universitas Halu Oleo
  • Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Blitar
  • Hasanuddin University
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Taufiqur RachmanAffiliation unknown21
Sabaruddin RahmanAffiliation unknown9
Hasdinar UmarAffiliation unknown5
Ashury AshuryAffiliation unknown4
Achmad Yasir BaedaAffiliation unknown3
Harlian KustiwansaAffiliation unknown3
Nur AzisahAffiliation unknown3
Tri UtariAffiliation unknown2
Alamsyah AlamsyahState University of Semarang2
Muhammad AsdarAffiliation unknown2
HariyonoAffiliation unknown2
Putri Sriwahyuni KasbaAffiliation unknown2
ZULFIKAR ZULFIKARUniversitas Halu Oleo2
Mu’minatung NisaAffiliation unknown2
Fuad Mahfud AssidiqAffiliation unknown2
Dwi AgusdiansyahAffiliation unknown2
Teguh Pairunan PutraAffiliation unknown2
Taufiqurrahman TaufiqurrahmanAffiliation unknown1
Ilham AlkhaerAffiliation unknown1
Adriani PhadyAffiliation unknown1
Arsil ArsilAffiliation unknown1
Muhammad AksarAffiliation unknown1
Muhammad Arsyad ThahaAffiliation unknown1
Wasir SamadAffiliation unknown1
Sugianto SugiantoUniversitas Nahdlatul Ulama Blitar1
Riswal KarammaHasanuddin University1
Rita Tahir LopaAffiliation unknown1
AlamsyahAffiliation unknown1
Jusma WahidahAffiliation unknown1
Yuliani SulemanAffiliation unknown1
Reskiyanti ReskiyantiAffiliation unknown1
Alif Hidayat KasimAffiliation unknown1
Wahyuni HasanAffiliation unknown1
Wahyu Sakinah KasimAffiliation unknown1
Ahmad Yasir BaedahAffiliation unknown1
Nurwani SarahAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/maritimepark/oai, first harvested 2 Nov 2026, last seen 2 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Probabilistic Evaluation of Seawall Performance Against Wave Run-Up and Overtopping Under Variable Water Levels at Serui Fuel Terminal</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Mas'ud M, Ahmad Azwar</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Paotonan, Chairul</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Sitorus, Chris Jeremy Verian</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Al Hakim, Muhammad Abdul Ghofur</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Seawall</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Wave Overtopping</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Wave Run-up</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Probabilistic Waves</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Water Level Variation</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Iribarren Number</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Seawalls are one of the coastal protection structures commonly used to reduce the risk of wave overtopping, especially in critical coastal infrastructure. At the Fuel Terminal in Serui, overtopping events have been recorded causing damage to several facilities, even under moderate wave conditions. This study evaluates the performance of the existing seawall under the combined influence of probabilistic waves (H2%, H10%, H33%) and sea level variations (MSL and HWL). A 20-year wave dataset (2002–2021) obtained from ECMWF was statistically analyzed, followed by theoretical wave transformation toward the shoreline. Wave run-up was calculated based on the Iribarren-type formulation and empirical equations, in which the 2% exceedance run-up (R2%) was estimated using the probabilistic extreme wave height (H2%) following established empirical correlations for smooth seawalls. Overtopping discharge was estimated using an exponential formula and compared with established overtopping impact classifications. Results indicate that under High Water Level (HWL) conditions, all run-up values exceeded the seawall crest elevation (+1.93 m relative to MSL), with R2% reaching 3.3 m and a maximum overtopping discharge of 92 l/s/m, corresponding to a high functional damage risk. Wave overtopping does not compromise the structural integrity of the seawall but can cause significant functional damage to facilities and operation behind the wall. Even under MSL conditions, overtopping still occurred for extreme wave conditions (H2%), These results are consistent with field observations in 2020, confirming that the existing seawall geometry and smooth surface contribute to limited wave energy dissipation. Unlike conventional deterministic assessments, this study introduces a probabilistic and field-validated evaluation framework that integrates run-up and overtopping analysis under varying water levels, providing a more realistic basis for assessing seawall performance for future adaptive redesign strategies.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Department of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-02-05</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/maritimepark/article/view/48184</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.62012/mp.vi.48184</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Maritime Park: Journal of Maritime Technology and Society; Volume 5, Issue 1, 2026; 68-79</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2828-6669</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2828-7010</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/maritimepark/article/view/48184/14126</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Maritime Park: Journal of Maritime Technology and Society</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>