Analysis of the Relationship between Chlorophyll-a Concentration Variability and Sea Surface Temperature on ENSO and IOD Phenomena in the Waters of Sumenep, Madura Island

Alfaridzi, Zacky Maulana; Lailiyah, Inayatul; Aries Dwi Siswanto; Cahya, Ilham; Wardhani, Anita Kusuma

doi:10.62012/mp.vi.48201

Open access Jurnal

Analysis of the Relationship between Chlorophyll-a Concentration Variability and Sea Surface Temperature on ENSO and IOD Phenomena in the Waters of Sumenep, Madura Island

Maritime Park: Journal of Maritime Technology and Society · Vol. ume (2026) · pp. 117–126

DOI: 10.62012/mp.vi.48201
ISSN: 2828-6669, 2828-7010
Published: 2026-02-06
Publisher: Department of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University
Language: en
License: creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstract

Indonesia’s marine environment is highly sensitive to global climate variability, particularly El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). This study analyzes the spatial and temporal variability of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a concentration and their relationship with ENSO and IOD in Sumenep waters, Madura Island. SST and chlorophyll-a data were derived from Aqua MODIS satellite observations for the period 2014–2024, while ENSO and IOD were represented by the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) and Dipole Mode Index (DMI). Data were analyzed using temporal trend analysis, spatial mapping, and Pearson correlation. The results show that SST fluctuated between 28.01 and 30.75 °C, with higher temperatures during El Niño phases and lower temperatures during La Niña phases. Chlorophyll-a exhibited relatively stable minimum values (0.178–0.217 mg/m³), while maximum values varied between 0.499 and 0.782 mg/m³, peaking in 2020. Pearson correlation analysis indicates a strong relationship between ENSO and SST (r = 0.791) and a very strong relationship with chlorophyll-a (r = 0.898). In contrast, IOD shows very weak correlations with SST (r = 0.074) and chlorophyll-a (r = 0.211). These findings confirm that ENSO is the dominant driver of SST and chlorophyll-a variability in Sumenep waters, with important implications for regional marine productivity.

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Co-author	Organisation	Joint articles
Ashari Wicaksono	Affiliation unknown	6
Suntoyo Suntoyo	Affiliation unknown	2
Jihannuma Adibiah Nurdin	Affiliation unknown	2
Mohammad Khoirul Fatihin	Affiliation unknown	2
Muhammad Zaiki Zakariyya	Affiliation unknown	2
Suci Fitra rahmadania	Affiliation unknown	2
Ahmad Fahmi Wahyudi	Affiliation unknown	2
Agus Romadhon	Affiliation unknown	2
Rieke Dyah Ambarwati	Affiliation unknown	2

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/maritimepark/oai, first harvested 2 Nov 2026, last seen 2 Nov 2026.

Original metadata (oai_dc)

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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Analysis of the Relationship between Chlorophyll-a Concentration Variability and Sea Surface Temperature on ENSO and IOD Phenomena in the Waters of Sumenep, Madura Island</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Alfaridzi, Zacky Maulana</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Lailiyah, Inayatul</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Aries Dwi Siswanto</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Cahya, Ilham</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Wardhani, Anita Kusuma</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Chlorophyll-a</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Sea Surface Temperature</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">ENSO</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">IOD</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Sumenep Waters</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Oceanographic Variability</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Indonesia’s marine environment is highly sensitive to global climate variability, particularly El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). This study analyzes the spatial and temporal variability of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a concentration and their relationship with ENSO and IOD in Sumenep waters, Madura Island. SST and chlorophyll-a data were derived from Aqua MODIS satellite observations for the period 2014–2024, while ENSO and IOD were represented by the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) and Dipole Mode Index (DMI). Data were analyzed using temporal trend analysis, spatial mapping, and Pearson correlation. The results show that SST fluctuated between 28.01 and 30.75 °C, with higher temperatures during El Niño phases and lower temperatures during La Niña phases. Chlorophyll-a exhibited relatively stable minimum values (0.178–0.217 mg/m³), while maximum values varied between 0.499 and 0.782 mg/m³, peaking in 2020. Pearson correlation analysis indicates a strong relationship between ENSO and SST (r = 0.791) and a very strong relationship with chlorophyll-a (r = 0.898). In contrast, IOD shows very weak correlations with SST (r = 0.074) and chlorophyll-a (r = 0.211). These findings confirm that ENSO is the dominant driver of SST and chlorophyll-a variability in Sumenep waters, with important implications for regional marine productivity.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Department of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-02-06</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/maritimepark/article/view/48201</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.62012/mp.vi.48201</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Maritime Park: Journal of Maritime Technology and Society; Volume 5, Issue 1, 2026; 117-126</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2828-6669</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2828-7010</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/maritimepark/article/view/48201/14133</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Maritime Park: Journal of Maritime Technology and Society</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
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