ULTRA PROCESSED FOODS DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP KESEHATAN DAN LINGKUNGAN: LITERATUR REVIEW ULTRA-PROCESSED FOODS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

ABSTRAK Pendahuluan: Tren konsumsi ultra-processed food (UPF) terus meningkat secara global, termasuk di Indonesia, seiring dengan urbanisasi dan modernisasi pola hidup. UPF merupakan produk pangan yang melalui proses industri intensif dengan tambahan bahan sintetis seperti gula, garam, lemak, serta aditif yang menyebabkan rendahnya nilai gizi namun tinggi kalori. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan meninjau secara sistematis keterkaitan antara konsumsi UPF, kesehatan masyarakat, dan keberlanjutan lingkungan. Bahan dan Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Data dikumpulkan dari berbagai jurnal nasional dan internasional terbitan 2019–2025 melalui basis data PubMed, Scopus, dan ScienceDirect. Hasil: Hasil kajian memperlihatkan bahwa konsumsi UPF secara berlebihan berkaitan dengan meningkatnya risiko penyakit kronis seperti obesitas, diabetes tipe 2, hipertensi, gangguan metabolik, serta kematian dini. Selain itu, produksi dan konsumsi UPF juga berdampak negatif terhadap lingkungan melalui peningkatan emisi gas rumah kaca, penurunan keanekaragaman hayati, serta akumulasi limbah plastik. Kesimpulan: Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa konsumsi UPF tidak hanya menjadi tantangan kesehatan masyarakat, tetapi juga ancaman bagi keberlanjutan ekosistem serta diperlukan kebijakan pangan berkelanjutan, edukasi gizi dan promosi konsumsi pangan segar lokal untuk mengurangi dampak buruk UPF terhadap manusia dan lingkungan. Kata kunci: ultra-processed food, kesehatan masyarakat, lingkungan, penyakit tidak menular, keberlanjutan pangan ABSTRACT Introduction: The global trend of increasing ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption, including in Indonesia, has been driven by rapid urbanization and modernization of dietary habits. UPFs are industrially manufactured products that undergo extensive processing with the addition of synthetic ingredients such as sugar, salt, fat, and additives, resulting in foods that are energy dense but poor in essential nutrients. Aim: This study aims to systematically review the relationship between UPF consumption, public health, and environmental). Methods: Sustainability using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. Data were obtained from national and international journals published between 2019 and 2025 through databases including PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. Results: The findings indicate that excessive UPF consumption is significantly associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, metabolic disorders, and premature mortality. Moreover, UPF production and consumption contribute to environmental degradation through increased greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss, and plastic waste accumulation. Conclusion: These results highlight that UPF consumption poses not only a major public health challenge but also a threat to ecosystem sustainability, sustainable food policies, nutrition education, and the promotion of fresh, locally sourced foods are essential to mitigate the adverse impacts of UPF on both human health and the environment. Keywords: ultra-processed food, public health, environment, non-communicable diseases, food sustainability