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SOLIDARITY WITHOUT STRUCTURE: A SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS OF BONDING, BRIDGING, AND LINKING SOCIAL CAPITAL IN DIGITAL DISASTER DISCOURSE ON PLATFORM X

Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Terapan Universitas Jambi · Vol. 10 No. 5 (2026) · pp. 2442–2457

DOI
10.22437/jiituj.v10i5.59988
ISSN
2580-2259, 2580-2240
Published
2026-10-31
Publisher
LPPM Universitas Jambi
Language
en
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstract

Disasters are commonly linked to heightened citizen solidarity, and in Indonesia this is often attributed to gotong royong (mutual cooperation). Yet it remains unclear whether such solidarity materializes as a dense, interconnected structure on social media or remains scattered individual expressions. This study examines that question through social capital theory (bonding, bridging, linking) by structurally analyzing the solidarity-themed subnetwork within the digital discourse on the 2025 Sumatra flood disaster on platform X. Using a quantitative, descriptive-comparative Social Network Analysis design, 3,149 Indonesian-language posts (1,357 accounts) were analyzed and a combined reply-and-mention interaction graph of 972 actors and 895 ties was constructed. Of 385 solidarity-themed actors, 130 appeared in the graph. Centrality of solidarity-themed versus other actors was compared using Mann-Whitney U tests with effect sizes, complemented by community detection and a power analysis. Solidarity-themed actors showed significantly higher out-degree (r = 0.290), but centrality was dominated by media, government, and political parties rather than citizens or philanthropic organizations. Four philanthropic organizations formed only isolated components of two to five actors; three others, including Indonesia’s largest Islamic organization, were absent despite substantial activity. Solidarity-themed actors were dispersed across 63 of 188 communities, with no cluster exceeding 22 actors. Bonding social capital among citizens is structurally almost invisible in public interaction on X, while what is observed is one-directional, institutionally driven bridging/linking. This study challenges assumptions about digital gotong royong and suggests philanthropic organizations favor interactive engagement over broadcasting to achieve structural integration.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

21 authors · 68 co-authorship links · 1 across different organisations

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  • Universitas Sulawesi Tenggara
  • Mulawarman University
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Puji SantosoAffiliation unknown2
Yan HendraAffiliation unknown2
Basoddin BasoddinUniversitas Sulawesi Tenggara1
Amir FaisalUniversitas Sulawesi Tenggara1
Izaina NurfitrianaAffiliation unknown1
Adhi WibowoAffiliation unknown1
Didit SuprihantoMulawarman University1
Wulan SariAffiliation unknown1
Ari SanjayaAffiliation unknown1
Rudy Agung NugrohoAffiliation unknown1
Retno AryaniAffiliation unknown1
Hetty ManurungAffiliation unknown1
Muhammad Fauzi ArifAffiliation unknown1
Iyut Jaya ToimsarAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/index.php/JIITUJ/oai, first harvested 5 Nov 2026, last seen 5 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">SOLIDARITY WITHOUT STRUCTURE: A SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS OF BONDING, BRIDGING, AND LINKING SOCIAL CAPITAL IN DIGITAL DISASTER DISCOURSE ON PLATFORM X</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Rudianto, Rudianto</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Faustyna, Faustyna</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Thariq, Muhammad</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Prabaswara, M Prakoso</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Anshori, Akhyar</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Priadi, Ribut</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Lubis, Faizal Hamzah</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Bonding</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Bridging and Linking</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Digital Solidarity</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Disaster Crowdfunding</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Gotong Royong</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Social Capital</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Social Network Analysis</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Disasters are commonly linked to heightened citizen solidarity, and in Indonesia this is often attributed to gotong royong (mutual cooperation). Yet it remains unclear whether such solidarity materializes as a dense, interconnected structure on social media or remains scattered individual expressions. This study examines that question through social capital theory (bonding, bridging, linking) by structurally analyzing the solidarity-themed subnetwork within the digital discourse on the 2025 Sumatra flood disaster on platform X. Using a quantitative, descriptive-comparative Social Network Analysis design, 3,149 Indonesian-language posts (1,357 accounts) were analyzed and a combined reply-and-mention interaction graph of 972 actors and 895 ties was constructed. Of 385 solidarity-themed actors, 130 appeared in the graph. Centrality of solidarity-themed versus other actors was compared using Mann-Whitney U tests with effect sizes, complemented by community detection and a power analysis. Solidarity-themed actors showed significantly higher out-degree (r = 0.290), but centrality was dominated by media, government, and political parties rather than citizens or philanthropic organizations. Four philanthropic organizations formed only isolated components of two to five actors; three others, including Indonesia’s largest Islamic organization, were absent despite substantial activity. Solidarity-themed actors were dispersed across 63 of 188 communities, with no cluster exceeding 22 actors. Bonding social capital among citizens is structurally almost invisible in public interaction on X, while what is observed is one-directional, institutionally driven bridging/linking. This study challenges assumptions about digital gotong royong and suggests philanthropic organizations favor interactive engagement over broadcasting to achieve structural integration.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">LPPM Universitas Jambi</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-10-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/JIITUJ/article/view/59988</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.22437/jiituj.v10i5.59988</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Terapan Universitas Jambi; Vol. 10 No. 5 (2026): Volume 10, Nomor 5, October 2026; 2442-2457</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2580-2259</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2580-2240</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.22437/jiituj.v10i5</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/JIITUJ/article/view/59988/25967</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Rudianto Rudianto, Faustyna Faustyna, Muhammad Thariq, M Prakoso Prabaswara, Akhyar Anshori, Ribut Priadi, Faizal Hamzah Lubis</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>