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Social Determinants of Covid-19 Morbidity in Indonesia: Observational District Level Analysis

Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia · Vol. 21 No. 1 (2025) · hlm. 14–23

DOI
10.30597/mkmi.v21i1.33183
ISSN
2356-4067, 0216-2482
Terbit
2025-03-31
Penerbit
Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar
Bahasa
en
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

Abstrak

Since the COVID-19 pandemic globally struggled in late 2019, the global community has become aware that outbreaks of infectious diseases are associated with conditions beyond health factors, such as social, economic, demographic, geographic, and lifestyle. This paper aims to identify the influence of Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) on COVID-19 morbidity rates in Indonesia. The study analyzed morbidity cases during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, namely the Delta variant wave. Multivariate analysis with linear regression was used to determine the predictors that affect COVID-19 morbidity in 128 districts/cities of the Java and Bali isles, which were controlled by the pandemic stages including pre, resurgence, decline, and post. Morbidity data was collected cross-sectionally from the National COVID-19 Task Force dataset and the social determinant of the 2021 Central Statistics Agency report. The number of health facilities is the most influential characteristic of the regency/city to COVID-19 morbidity at the pre-and resurgence-pandemic stages. The ratio of the immune population is the most influential characteristic when the pandemic experiences a decline stage; meanwhile, during the post-pandemic, the second dose of vaccination is the most influential characteristic. We recommended that testing, tracing, quarantine, and isolation intervention should be prioritized in the districts/cities with higher health facilities (pre- and resurgence-stage), higher herd immunity (decline-stage), and booster vaccination (post-stage). Social determinants of health are suggested to be used as a basis for predicting the risk factors for an outbreak of infectious diseases in a region and contributing to different SDOH factors in different outbreak stages.

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  • University of Indonesia
  • Universitas Esa Unggul
  • Sriwijaya University
  • Universitas Halu Oleo
  • Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Astri NurdianaUniversity of Indonesia1
Solikhah YuliatiningtyasUniversity of Indonesia1
Renny NurhasanaUniversity of Indonesia1
Aji MuhawarmanUniversity of Indonesia1
Miananiarti MisnaniartiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Ratih OktarinaUniversity of Indonesia1
Misnaniarti MisnaniartiSriwijaya University1
Ni Nyoman Dwi SutrisnawatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Kemal N. SiregarUniversity of Indonesia1
Muhammad Sapoan HadiUniversity of Indonesia1
Sutanto Priyo HastonoUniversity of Indonesia1
Ira Marti AyuUniversitas Esa Unggul1
Mayumi NitamiUniversitas Esa Unggul1
Christinauli Eka MurtiUniversitas Esa Unggul1
Susi ShorayasariUniversitas Esa Unggul1
Erna VeronikaUniversitas Esa Unggul1
Anzany Tania Dwi PutriUniversity of Indonesia1
Wahyu SulistiadiUniversity of Indonesia1
Vetty Yulianty PermanasariUniversity of Indonesia1
Prasetyaning JatiUniversity of Indonesia1
Ira GustinaUniversity of Indonesia1
Nisrina WidyasantiUniversity of Indonesia1
Buyung NazeliAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Ambo SakkaUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Ede Surya DarmawanUniversity of Indonesia1
Dewi GayatriUniversity of Indonesia1
Syarif Rahman HasibuanUniversitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/oai, pertama di-harvest 5 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Social Determinants of Covid-19 Morbidity in Indonesia: Observational District Level Analysis</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Heryana, Ade</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Adisasmito, Wiku</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Ayuningtyas, Dumilah</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Covid-19</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Pandemic</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Social Determinants</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Morbidity</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Delta Wave</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Since the COVID-19 pandemic globally struggled in late 2019, the global community has become aware that outbreaks of infectious diseases are associated with conditions beyond health factors, such as social, economic, demographic, geographic, and lifestyle. This paper aims to identify the influence of Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) on COVID-19 morbidity rates in Indonesia. The study analyzed morbidity cases during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, namely the Delta variant wave. Multivariate analysis with linear regression was used to determine the predictors that affect COVID-19 morbidity in 128 districts/cities of the Java and Bali isles, which were controlled by the pandemic stages including pre, resurgence, decline, and post. Morbidity data was collected cross-sectionally from the National COVID-19 Task Force dataset and the social determinant of the 2021 Central Statistics Agency report. The number of health facilities is the most influential characteristic of the regency/city to COVID-19 morbidity at the pre-and resurgence-pandemic stages. The ratio of the immune population is the most influential characteristic when the pandemic experiences a decline stage; meanwhile, during the post-pandemic, the second dose of vaccination is the most influential characteristic. We recommended that testing, tracing, quarantine, and isolation intervention should be prioritized in the districts/cities with higher health facilities (pre- and resurgence-stage), higher herd immunity (decline-stage), and booster vaccination (post-stage). Social determinants of health are suggested to be used as a basis for predicting the risk factors for an outbreak of infectious diseases in a region and contributing to different SDOH factors in different outbreak stages.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-03-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/33183</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.30597/mkmi.v21i1.33183</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia; Vol. 21 No. 1: MARCH 2025; 14-23</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2356-4067</dc:source>
	<dc:source>0216-2482</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.30597/mkmi.v21i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/33183/13130</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 by author</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>