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Clustering Community Risk Behaviors for Non-Communicable Diseases in Indonesia: Based on Indonesian Health Survey Data

Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia · Vol. 21 No. 3 (2025) · hlm. 225–235

DOI
10.30597/mkmi.v21i3.45641
ISSN
2356-4067, 0216-2482
Terbit
2025-09-30
Penerbit
Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar
Bahasa
en
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

Abstrak

Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and heart disease are major causes of morbidity and mortality in Indonesia. Community behaviors, including smoking, low physical activity, and unhealthy diets, significantly influence NCD incidence. To analyze associations between behavioral risk factors (daily smoking, physical inactivity, consumption of sugary foods and drinks, salty foods, fatty foods, soft drinks, and inadequate fruit intake) and the prevalence of NCDs, and to classify regions based on risk factors and disease prevalence. A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (IHS), encompassing 345,000 households across 39 provinces. The Ministry of Health collected the data through standardized interviews and health examinations conducted by trained surveyors. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and K-Means Clustering. Daily smoking correlated positively with hypertension, stroke, and diabetes. Fatty food consumption showed strong positive associations with the same diseases (r = 0.45–0.48, p < 0.01). Soft drink consumption demonstrated a significant negative correlation, especially with stroke (r = -0.66, p < 0.001). Hypertension (7.2%) and stroke (7.1%) were more prevalent than diabetes (2.0%) and heart disease (0.76%). North Maluku showed the highest behavioral risks, Bali the lowest. DI Yogyakarta and DKI Jakarta had the highest NCD prevalence, while the Papua Mountains had the lowest. K-Means clustering grouped provinces into low, medium, and high-risk clusters. Community behaviors, particularly smoking and fatty food intake, significantly affect NCD prevalence. Public health programs should target smoking cessation, healthy diet promotion, and increased physical activity to reduce the NCD burden.

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Widya Hary CahyatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui10
Ari YuniastutiState University of Semarang6
Oktia Woro Kasmini HandayaniAfiliasi tidak diketahui6
RR. Sri Ratna RahayuAfiliasi tidak diketahui4
Yuni WijayantiAfiliasi tidak diketahui4
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Fitri IndrawatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
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Muhamad Zakki SaefurrohimAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/oai, pertama di-harvest 5 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 5 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Clustering Community Risk Behaviors for Non-Communicable Diseases in Indonesia: Based on Indonesian Health Survey Data</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Suhito, Hanif Pandu</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Azam, Mahalul</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Sholikun, Sholikun</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Community Health Behavior</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Indonesia</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Noncommunicable Diseases</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Risk Factors</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and heart disease are major causes of morbidity and mortality in Indonesia. Community behaviors, including smoking, low physical activity, and unhealthy diets, significantly influence NCD incidence. To analyze associations between behavioral risk factors (daily smoking, physical inactivity, consumption of sugary foods and drinks, salty foods, fatty foods, soft drinks, and inadequate fruit intake) and the prevalence of NCDs, and to classify regions based on risk factors and disease prevalence. A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (IHS), encompassing 345,000 households across 39 provinces. The Ministry of Health collected the data through standardized interviews and health examinations conducted by trained surveyors. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and K-Means Clustering. Daily smoking correlated positively with hypertension, stroke, and diabetes. Fatty food consumption showed strong positive associations with the same diseases (r = 0.45–0.48, p &amp;lt; 0.01). Soft drink consumption demonstrated a significant negative correlation, especially with stroke (r = -0.66, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Hypertension (7.2%) and stroke (7.1%) were more prevalent than diabetes (2.0%) and heart disease (0.76%). North Maluku showed the highest behavioral risks, Bali the lowest. DI Yogyakarta and DKI Jakarta had the highest NCD prevalence, while the Papua Mountains had the lowest. K-Means clustering grouped provinces into low, medium, and high-risk clusters. Community behaviors, particularly smoking and fatty food intake, significantly affect NCD prevalence. Public health programs should target smoking cessation, healthy diet promotion, and increased physical activity to reduce the NCD burden.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-09-30</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/45641</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.30597/mkmi.v21i3.45641</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia; Vol. 21 No. 3: SEPTEMBER 2025; 225-235</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2356-4067</dc:source>
	<dc:source>0216-2482</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.30597/mkmi.v21i3</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/view/45641/13595</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 by author</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>