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Community Legal Empowerment and Local Justice Practices: A Comparative Study of Indonesia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, India, Spain, and Iran

Jurnal Pengabdian Hukum Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Legal Community Engagement) JPHI · Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026) · hlm. 543–588

DOI
10.15294/jphi.v9i2.46364
ISSN
2654-8313, 2654-8305
Terbit
2026-10-01
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

Abstrak

The relationship between formal justice systems and community-based justice remains critical to strengthening access to justice and legal empowerment across diverse socio-legal contexts. Penal culture, characterized by an emphasis on punishment, deterrence, and formal enforcement, may constrain community participation and limit restorative and participatory approaches to justice. This article examines how penal culture influences community legal empowerment and local justice practices through a comparative socio-legal analysis of Indonesia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, India, Spain, and Iran. The study focuses on three interrelated dimensions: legal education and awareness, community assistance and capacity building, and community-based mechanisms for preventing and resolving disputes. Using a comparative case-based approach, the study analyzes interactions between formal legal institutions and local justice practices, including customary dispute resolution, community mediation, legal aid, and paralegal initiatives. The findings reveal a common tension across the five jurisdictions between formal enforcement and community expectations of accessible, responsive, and legitimate justice, despite differences in legal traditions and socio-cultural contexts. Legal education, community assistance, and capacity building can strengthen community participation and improve the ability of local actors to navigate formal and informal justice mechanisms. The study argues that community legal empowerment requires a shift from predominantly punitive approaches toward participatory, restorative, and people-centred justice. By identifying common patterns and contextual differences, this comparative analysis contributes to socio-legal scholarship and provides practical insights for developing more inclusive community-based justice systems.

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  • State University of Semarang
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  • Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
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  • Dhofar University
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Anis WidyawatiState University of Semarang8
Riska AlkadriState University of Semarang7
Waspiah WaspiahState University of Semarang7
Indah Sri UtariState University of Semarang7
Nadiyah Meyliana PutriState University of Semarang6
Rasdi RasdiState University of Semarang6
Ali MasyharState University of Semarang6
Nurul FibriantiState University of Semarang5
Septhian Eka AdiyatmaState University of Semarang5
Bayangsari WedhatamiState University of Semarang5
Ngboawaji Daniel NteNovena University5
Muhammad Iqbal BaiquniState University of Semarang5
Riki JuliantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui5
Dian LatifianiState University of Semarang5
Souad Ahmed EzzeroualiDhofar University5
Muhammad Wahyu Saiful HudaState University of Semarang4
Rodiyah RodiyahState University of Semarang4
Syaiful AminState University of Semarang3
R. Benny RiyantoState University of Semarang3
Layla Putri AulyaState University of Semarang3
Asyaffa Ridzqi AmandhaState University of Semarang3
Fadhel Arjuna AdindaPadjadjaran University3
Ngaboawaji Daniel NteNovena University3
Zaharuddin Sani Ahmah SabriNational Defence University of Malaysia3
Asmarani RamliState University of Semarang3
Jeremy Zefanya Yaka ArvanteState University of Semarang2
Maulana Fuad NugrahaState University of Semarang2
Ahmad Zaharuddin Sani Ahmad SabriAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Robert Brian SmithUniversity of New England2
Zahra Zara MahasinAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Firqotun NaziahState University of Semarang2
Ubaidillah KamalState University of Semarang2
Adiguna Bagas Waskito AjiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Puji WiyatnoState University of Semarang2
Chusnul Qotimah Nita PermataState University of Semarang2

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/JPHI/oai, pertama di-harvest 5 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Community Legal Empowerment and Local Justice Practices: A Comparative Study of Indonesia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, India, Spain, and Iran</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Arifin, Ridwan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Kazić-Çakar, Ena</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Haseeb, Abdul</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Sebastian, Valerio</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Hekmatimoghadam, Seyedmohsen</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Legal Empowerment</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Penal Culture</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Community-Based Justice</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Legal Education</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Restorative Justice</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">The relationship between formal justice systems and community-based justice remains critical to strengthening access to justice and legal empowerment across diverse socio-legal contexts. Penal culture, characterized by an emphasis on punishment, deterrence, and formal enforcement, may constrain community participation and limit restorative and participatory approaches to justice. This article examines how penal culture influences community legal empowerment and local justice practices through a comparative socio-legal analysis of Indonesia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, India, Spain, and Iran. The study focuses on three interrelated dimensions: legal education and awareness, community assistance and capacity building, and community-based mechanisms for preventing and resolving disputes. Using a comparative case-based approach, the study analyzes interactions between formal legal institutions and local justice practices, including customary dispute resolution, community mediation, legal aid, and paralegal initiatives. The findings reveal a common tension across the five jurisdictions between formal enforcement and community expectations of accessible, responsive, and legitimate justice, despite differences in legal traditions and socio-cultural contexts. Legal education, community assistance, and capacity building can strengthen community participation and improve the ability of local actors to navigate formal and informal justice mechanisms. The study argues that community legal empowerment requires a shift from predominantly punitive approaches toward participatory, restorative, and people-centred justice. By identifying common patterns and contextual differences, this comparative analysis contributes to socio-legal scholarship and provides practical insights for developing more inclusive community-based justice systems.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-10-01</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/JPHI/article/view/46364</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/jphi.v9i2.46364</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Jurnal Pengabdian Hukum Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Legal Community Engagement) JPHI; Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): July-December, 2026; 543-588</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2654-8313</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2654-8305</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/jphi.v9i2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/JPHI/article/view/46364/11618</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Ridwan Arifin, Ena Kazić-Çakar, Abdul Haseeb, Valerio Sebastian, Seyedmohsen Hekmatimoghadam (Author)</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>