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Constitutional Protection of Patients in Telemedicine: Informed Consent as a Right to Health

Jurnal Pengabdian Hukum Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Legal Community Engagement) JPHI · Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026) · hlm. 709–762

DOI
10.15294/jphi.v9i2.58868
ISSN
2654-8313, 2654-8305
Terbit
2026-10-02
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

Abstrak

This article examines constitutional protection of patients in telemedicine, focusing on platform-based chat teleconsultation between doctors and patients. While telemedicine can expand access to healthcare, chat-based consultation limits clinical verification beyond text-based history taking, increasing the risks of misinterpretation, misdiagnosis, and delayed referral. These risks require meaningful informed consent rather than merely formal acceptance of platform terms. This study employs an implementation-oriented legal education approach within a community engagement framework to translate patient protection and informed consent principles into practical guidance for telemedicine users, health workers, and digital health providers. The methodology comprises four stages: identifying practical challenges in chat teleconsultation, developing accessible legal education materials, constructing a practical e-informed consent model, and assessing its applicability to promote safer and more accountable teleconsultation practices. The findings indicate that Indonesian positive law recognizes telemedicine and requires consent following adequate explanation but has not established specific and auditable e-informed consent standards for direct-to-consumer chat teleconsultation. This gap may lead to the conflation of general platform or data consent with specific clinical informed consent at points of clinical decision-making, including therapy recommendations, prescriptions, clinical instructions, and referrals. The study proposes a rights-based and risk-based e-informed consent model built on four pillars: structured minimum disclosure emphasizing chat limitations; verification of patient understanding through teach-back or closed-loop communication; trigger-based, just-in-time separation of platform consent from specific clinical consent; and an audit trail compatible with electronic medical records. The model strengthens patients’ rights to health and information while enhancing accountability in digital health services and supporting Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 on Good Health and Well-being.

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  • Hasanuddin University
  • Padjadjaran University
  • Universitas Islam Negeri Profesor Kiai Haji Saifuddin Zuhri Purwokerto
  • Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University
  • Universiti Utara Malaysia
  • Cenderawasih University
  • Universitas Mandala Waluya
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Muhammad Mutawalli MukhlisSekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri Majene8
Maskun MaskunHasanuddin University6
Hariyanto HariyantoUniversitas Islam Negeri Profesor Kiai Haji Saifuddin Zuhri Purwokerto4
Ahmad MasumSultan Sharif Ali Islamic University2
Zulhilmi Bin PaidiUniversiti Utara Malaysia2
Hajar Salamah Salsabila HarizJenderal Soedirman University2
Wa Ode Intan KurniawatiUniversitas Sulawesi Tenggara1
Naswar NaswarHasanuddin University1
Yusuf Ibrahim ArowosaiyeSultan Sharif Ali Islamic University1
Budiyanto BudiyantoCenderawasih University1
Zulhilmi PaidiUniversiti Utara Malaysia1
Andi Tenri YeyengUniversitas Patompo1
Noviati NoviatiUniversitas Mandala Waluya1
Abdul Rahim SyabanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Muhammad IsrulUniversitas Mandala Waluya1
Lodes HadjuLincoln University College1
Kiky Venna ViolettaHasanuddin University1
Normiati NormiatiUniversity of Birmingham1
Iryana AnwarAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Muslim LobubunSekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum Biak-Papua1
Mabarroh AzizahUniversitas Islam Negeri Profesor Kiai Haji Saifuddin Zuhri Purwokerto1
Hotlan SamosirCenderawasih University1
Jamal AslanHasanuddin University1
Souad Ahmed EzzeroualiDhofar University1
Fithriatus ShalihahUniversitas Ahmad Dahlan1
Efendi IbnususiloIslamic University of Riau1
Ali AbdurahmanPadjadjaran University1
Ni’matul HudaIslamic University of Indonesia1
Mery HerlinaPadjadjaran University1
Susi Dwi HarijantiPadjadjaran University1
Ilham IlhamHasanuddin University1
Koharudin KoharudinHasanuddin University1
Abdul RahmanState University of Makassar1
Tuti HaryantiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Mamluatur RahmahUIN Raden Mas Said Surakarta1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/JPHI/oai, pertama di-harvest 5 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Constitutional Protection of Patients in Telemedicine: Informed Consent as a Right to Health</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Toto Surianto Subu</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Ahmadi Miru</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Slamet Sampurno Suwondo</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Muhammad Saleh Tajuddin</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Ahmed Mohamed Barak</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Telemedicine</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Teleconsultation Chat</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Informed Consent</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Right to Health</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">e-Informed Consent</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">This article examines constitutional protection of patients in telemedicine, focusing on platform-based chat teleconsultation between doctors and patients. While telemedicine can expand access to healthcare, chat-based consultation limits clinical verification beyond text-based history taking, increasing the risks of misinterpretation, misdiagnosis, and delayed referral. These risks require meaningful informed consent rather than merely formal acceptance of platform terms. This study employs an implementation-oriented legal education approach within a community engagement framework to translate patient protection and informed consent principles into practical guidance for telemedicine users, health workers, and digital health providers. The methodology comprises four stages: identifying practical challenges in chat teleconsultation, developing accessible legal education materials, constructing a practical e-informed consent model, and assessing its applicability to promote safer and more accountable teleconsultation practices. The findings indicate that Indonesian positive law recognizes telemedicine and requires consent following adequate explanation but has not established specific and auditable e-informed consent standards for direct-to-consumer chat teleconsultation. This gap may lead to the conflation of general platform or data consent with specific clinical informed consent at points of clinical decision-making, including therapy recommendations, prescriptions, clinical instructions, and referrals. The study proposes a rights-based and risk-based e-informed consent model built on four pillars: structured minimum disclosure emphasizing chat limitations; verification of patient understanding through teach-back or closed-loop communication; trigger-based, just-in-time separation of platform consent from specific clinical consent; and an audit trail compatible with electronic medical records. The model strengthens patients’ rights to health and information while enhancing accountability in digital health services and supporting Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 on Good Health and Well-being.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-10-02</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/JPHI/article/view/58868</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/jphi.v9i2.58868</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Jurnal Pengabdian Hukum Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Legal Community Engagement) JPHI; Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): July-December, 2026; 709-762</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2654-8313</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2654-8305</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/jphi.v9i2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/JPHI/article/view/58868/11074</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Toto Surianto Subu, Ahmadi Miru, Slamet Sampurno Suwondo, Muhammad Saleh Tajuddin, Ahmed Mohamed Barak (Author)</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>