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Development of a Problem-Based Learning Module Based on the Game of Bocce to Improve Gross Motor Skills and Social Interaction in Children with Intellectual Disabilities

ACPES Journal of Physical Education, Sport, and Health (AJPESH) · Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026) · hlm. 10–19

DOI
10.15294/ajpesh.v6i1.58278
ISSN
2797-0426
Terbit
2026-08-31
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) in cooperation with ACPES (ASEAN Council of Physical Education and Sport)
Bahasa
eng

Abstrak

Children with Down syndrome often experience delays in gross motor skills and social interaction that limit their physical participation, independence, and quality of life, while adapted physical education in special schools generally remains teacher-centred and makes minimal use of interactive media. This study aimed to develop a bocce-based Problem-Based Learning (PBL) module for adapted physical education and to conduct a preliminary evaluation of its expert-based feasibility and practicality, of changes in gross motor performance following implementation, and of students’ social interaction observed during the learning activities. A Research and Development study using the ADDIE model was conducted in three phases: (1) product development with expert appraisal by physical-education, special-education, and practitioner reviewers; (2) a small-scale feasibility trial; and (3) field implementation with a one-group pretest–posttest preliminary outcome evaluation involving 17 children with Down syndrome at two special schools in Semarang. Gross motor performance was analysed with descriptive statistics, a paired-samples t-test, Cohen’s d, and N-gain; social interaction was assessed through structured observation during implementation. The products showed acceptable expert-based feasibility (instructional module 81.25%; worksheet 78.30%; module 74.60%) and high practicality (teacher 92.5%; student 90%). Gross motor performance improved significantly following implementation, from 51.10% to 79.96% (t(16) = 8.42, p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 2.11; moderate N-gain = 0.57). Social interaction was observed at a favourable level (81%) during the activities; as no baseline was collected, this is a descriptive process indicator rather than an improvement outcome. The bocce-based PBL module demonstrated acceptable expert-based feasibility and high practicality and was associated with a significant improvement in gross motor performance, with favourable social interaction observed during implementation. These preliminary findings support the module as an adaptive learning alternative and warrant confirmation through controlled designs.

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  • Universitas PGRI Semarang
  • Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Wastukancana
  • Afiliasi tidak diketahui
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Tampilkan sebagai tabel
Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Muh. Isna Nurdin WibisanaUniversitas PGRI Semarang4
Yudha Dwi BintoroAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Tubagus HerlambangUniversitas PGRI Semarang3
Donny Anhar FahmiUniversitas PGRI Semarang3
Utvi Hinda ZhannisaUniversitas PGRI Semarang3
Deni Wahyu JumawanUniversitas PGRI Semarang3
Bertika Kusuma PrastiwiUniversitas PGRI Semarang3
Aulia Chairul AnamaUniversitas PGRI Semarang1
Galih Dwi PradiptaUniversitas PGRI Semarang1
Indriyani RahayuUniversitas PGRI Semarang1
Ihsan IbadurrahmanUniversitas PGRI Semarang1
SugengAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Bertika KusumaUniversitas PGRI Semarang1
Choirul AnwarSekolah Tinggi Teknologi Wastukancana1
Muh. Isna NurdinUniversitas PGRI Semarang1
Dina Ade IrmawatiUniversitas PGRI Semarang1
Danang Aji SetiawanUniversitas PGRI Semarang1
Dhaniel ErlanggaUniversitas PGRI Semarang1
Fajar Ari WidiyatmokoUniversitas PGRI Semarang1
Saka Surya SurojoUniversitas PGRI Semarang1

Afiliasi berasal dari OpenAlex; metadata OAI-PMH jurnal tidak memuatnya. Penulis tanpa ID OpenAlex dicocokkan berdasarkan nama, sehingga dua orang bisa tergabung atau satu orang bisa terpisah.

Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ajpesh/oai, pertama di-harvest 5 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Development of a Problem-Based Learning Module Based on the Game of Bocce to Improve Gross Motor Skills and Social Interaction in Children with Intellectual Disabilities</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Ibnu Fatkhu Royana</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Danang Aji Setyawan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Pandu Kresnapati</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Dani Slamet Pratama</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Down syndrome</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">adapted physical education</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">bocce</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">problem-based learning</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">gross motor skills</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">social interaction</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Children with Down syndrome often experience delays in gross motor skills and social interaction that limit their physical participation, independence, and quality of life, while adapted physical education in special schools generally remains teacher-centred and makes minimal use of interactive media. This study aimed to develop a bocce-based Problem-Based Learning (PBL) module for adapted physical education and to conduct a preliminary evaluation of its expert-based feasibility and practicality, of changes in gross motor performance following implementation, and of students’ social interaction observed during the learning activities. A Research and Development study using the ADDIE model was conducted in three phases: (1) product development with expert appraisal by physical-education, special-education, and practitioner reviewers; (2) a small-scale feasibility trial; and (3) field implementation with a one-group pretest–posttest preliminary outcome evaluation involving 17 children with Down syndrome at two special schools in Semarang. Gross motor performance was analysed with descriptive statistics, a paired-samples t-test, Cohen’s d, and N-gain; social interaction was assessed through structured observation during implementation. The products showed acceptable expert-based feasibility (instructional module 81.25%; worksheet 78.30%; module 74.60%) and high practicality (teacher 92.5%; student 90%). Gross motor performance improved significantly following implementation, from 51.10% to 79.96% (t(16) = 8.42, p &amp;lt; 0.001; Cohen’s d = 2.11; moderate N-gain = 0.57). Social interaction was observed at a favourable level (81%) during the activities; as no baseline was collected, this is a descriptive process indicator rather than an improvement outcome. The bocce-based PBL module demonstrated acceptable expert-based feasibility and high practicality and was associated with a significant improvement in gross motor performance, with favourable social interaction observed during implementation. These preliminary findings support the module as an adaptive learning alternative and warrant confirmation through controlled designs.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) in cooperation with ACPES (ASEAN Council of Physical Education and Sport)</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-08-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ajpesh/article/view/58278</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/ajpesh.v6i1.58278</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">ACPES Journal of Physical Education, Sport, and Health (AJPESH); Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): June 2026; 10-19</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2797-0426</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/ajpesh.v6i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ajpesh/article/view/58278/11300</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 ACPES Journal of Physical Education, Sport, and Health (AJPESH)</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>