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The Environmental Factors Enhance the Growth and Survival of Rhizophora Seedlings

Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education · Vol. 17 No. 3 (2025) · pp. 527–536

DOI
10.15294/biosaintifika.v17i3.35777
ISSN
2338-7610, 2085-191X
Published
2025-11-18
Publisher
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Language
eng

Abstract

Coastal ecosystems are synonymous with mangrove trees. Threatened mangrove existence is tantamount to reduced biological existence, weakened coastal protection, and reduced carbon storage. Moreover, mangrove growth naturally depends on the quality of seedlings supported by proper nursery management. This study aims to evaluate the impact of four environmental factors (light intensity, salinity, pH, and tidal frequency) on the growth and survival of Rhizophora: Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, and Rhizophora apiculata cultivated in nurseries with a water system integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT). A single-factor design was applied, with each treatment bed containing 600 seedlings (200 per species) and an uncontrolled bed as a control. Weekly random sampling of 20% of seedlings from each treatment for eight weeks. Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA with treatment and species as fixed factors, followed by the Tukey HSD test at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that R. mucronata in the light treatment (without shade net) achieved the highest survival rate (98.8%) and the largest stem diameter, which was 0.698 cm. In addition, the highest seedling height was R. mucronata in the high-yield salinity treatment, reaching 56.78 cm, and the highest number of leaves was recorded in R. apiculata in the salinity treatment, with an average of 6.92 leaves per seedling. IoT-integrated nurseries stabilize water supply and tidal cycles, reduce mortality to below 10%, and enhance seedling quality. These findings indicate that nursery environmental management can improve the consistency of mangrove seedling growth and support large-scale restoration.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 92 co-authorship links · 1 across different organisations · showing the 40 most connected

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  • State University of Semarang
  • Diponegoro University
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
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Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Wahid Akhsin Budi Nur SidiqState University of Semarang5
Inaya Sari MelatiState University of Semarang3
Sri NgabektiState University of Semarang3
Andin IrsadiState University of Semarang3
Danang Dwi SaputroAffiliation unknown2
Dhita Pracisca MutiatariAffiliation unknown2
Enni Suwarsi RahayuState University of Semarang2
Dhita Prasisca MutiatariState University of Semarang1
Satya Budi NugrahaAffiliation unknown1
Sucihatiningsih Dian Wisika PrajantiState University of Semarang1
R Benny RiyantoAffiliation unknown1
Nur Puji LestariAffiliation unknown1
Ira NoviantiAffiliation unknown1
PartayaAffiliation unknown1
Febrian Achmad NurudinAffiliation unknown1
Siti Harnina BintariAffiliation unknown1
Fitria Ayu TirtaningrumAffiliation unknown1
Tyas Agung PribadiAffiliation unknown1
Hengky PurwantoAffiliation unknown1
Muhammad Afif HakimAffiliation unknown1
Octarina Tri HandayaniAffiliation unknown1
Hasti Apri SanjivanieAffiliation unknown1
Ning SetiatiAffiliation unknown1
Anis SusiloAffiliation unknown1
Wulan ChristijantiAffiliation unknown1
Shifa RamadhantiAffiliation unknown1
Sisilia Prita Dewi PurnamaningrumAffiliation unknown1
Isti HidayahAffiliation unknown1
RR. Sri Ratna RahayuAffiliation unknown1
Fidia FibrianaState University of Semarang1
Nurdian SusilowatiAffiliation unknown1
Sunyoto SunyotoAffiliation unknown1
Dewi LarasatiAffiliation unknown1
Lina HerlinaDiponegoro University1
Ananto AjiAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/biosaintifika/oai, first harvested 5 Nov 2026, last seen 5 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">The Environmental Factors Enhance the Growth and Survival of Rhizophora Seedlings</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Sinaga, Na Dame Maulibulung</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Pradipta, Aruna</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Martuti, Nana Kariada Tri</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Jabar, Muhammad Abdul</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Soleha, Iro Datus </dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Mangrove</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Rhizophora spp.</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Nursery</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Survival Rate</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Growth Rate</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Coastal ecosystems are synonymous with mangrove trees. Threatened mangrove existence is tantamount to reduced biological existence, weakened coastal protection, and reduced carbon storage. Moreover, mangrove growth naturally depends on the quality of seedlings supported by proper nursery management. This study aims to evaluate the impact of four environmental factors (light intensity, salinity, pH, and tidal frequency) on the growth and survival of Rhizophora: Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, and Rhizophora apiculata cultivated in nurseries with a water system integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT). A single-factor design was applied, with each treatment bed containing 600 seedlings (200 per species) and an uncontrolled bed as a control. Weekly random sampling of 20% of seedlings from each treatment for eight weeks. Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA with treatment and species as fixed factors, followed by the Tukey HSD test at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that R. mucronata in the light treatment (without shade net) achieved the highest survival rate (98.8%) and the largest stem diameter, which was 0.698 cm. In addition, the highest seedling height was R. mucronata in the high-yield salinity treatment, reaching 56.78 cm, and the highest number of leaves was recorded in R. apiculata in the salinity treatment, with an average of 6.92 leaves per seedling. IoT-integrated nurseries stabilize water supply and tidal cycles, reduce mortality to below 10%, and enhance seedling quality. These findings indicate that nursery environmental management can improve the consistency of mangrove seedling growth and support large-scale restoration.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-11-18</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/biosaintifika/article/view/35777</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/biosaintifika.v17i3.35777</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology &amp; Biology Education; Vol. 17 No. 3 (2025): November 2025; 527-536</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2338-7610</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2085-191X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/biosaintifika.v17i3</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/biosaintifika/article/view/35777/7153</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology &amp; Biology Education</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>