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The Blasphemy: Indonesia Criminal Law and Christian Perspective

Contemporary Issues on Interfaith Law and Society · Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026) · hlm. 131–164

DOI
10.15294/ciils.v5i1.25218
ISSN
2829-8624, 2829-8373
Terbit
2026-06-30
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Blasphemy constitutes one of the most controversial offenses within Indonesian criminal law, particularly as governed by Article 156a of the existing Penal Code and the provisions of the 2023 Criminal Code. In a pluralistic society such as Indonesia, the enforcement of blasphemy laws frequently engenders tension between the protection of religious freedom and the maintenance of public order. This study examines the regulatory development and implementation dynamics of blasphemy laws in Indonesia, assessing the extent to which national legal norms align with international human rights principles. Employing a normative legal approach, this research analyzes statutory instruments, Constitutional Court rulings, and law enforcement practices in landmark cases such as Ahmadiyah, Ahok, and Holywings. The analysis demonstrates that existing legal norms, notably Article 156a of the Penal Code, are highly ambiguous and susceptible to abuse, disproportionately affecting minority groups. Furthermore, Constitutional Court Decision No. 140/PUU-VII/2009, which upholds the constitutionality of this article, reinforces a discriminatory status quo. Consequently, this article advocates for the statutory reformulation of these offenses utilizing a restorative justice approach, the implementation of administrative sanctions, and the strengthening of penal mediation mechanisms as stipulated in Attorney General Regulation No. 15 of 2020. The primary contribution of this research is proposing a roadmap for legal reform that strikes a balance between safeguarding religious freedom and ensuring public order, in strict compliance with international frameworks such as the ICCPR and the Siracusa Principles.

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  • Institut Teknologi Kalimantan
  • State University of Semarang
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Mahrus AliAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Hamad Faisal Al-FahadAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
M Shidqon PrabowoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
I Putu Sastra WibawaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Aditya Wiguna SanjayaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Poerwoko Hadi SasmitoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Zico Junius FernandoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Kayus K LewolebaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Iwan Erar JoesoefAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Handar Subhandi BakhtiarAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Jeong Chun PhuocAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Suherman SuhermanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Vita Cita Emia TariganAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Devi YulidaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Alamsyah AlamsyahInstitut Teknologi Kalimantan1
Fahmi ArdiansyahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Isti HidayahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Scolastika MarianiState University of Semarang1
Sugiyo SugiyoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Sinta SaraswatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Dean Putri AmeliaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Akhdiat AkhdiatAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ciils/oai, pertama di-harvest 5 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc)
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">The Blasphemy: Indonesia Criminal Law and Christian Perspective</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Harefa, Beniharmoni </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Kholiq, Abdul </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Harefa, Anugerah Tatema </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Harefa, Oinike Natalia </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Nor Akhmal Hasmin</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Blasphemy</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Criminal Law</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Religious Freedom</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Christian Perspective</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Restorative Justice</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Blasphemy constitutes one of the most controversial offenses within Indonesian criminal law, particularly as governed by Article 156a of the existing Penal Code and the provisions of the 2023 Criminal Code. In a pluralistic society such as Indonesia, the enforcement of blasphemy laws frequently engenders tension between the protection of religious freedom and the maintenance of public order. This study examines the regulatory development and implementation dynamics of blasphemy laws in Indonesia, assessing the extent to which national legal norms align with international human rights principles. Employing a normative legal approach, this research analyzes statutory instruments, Constitutional Court rulings, and law enforcement practices in landmark cases such as Ahmadiyah, Ahok, and Holywings. The analysis demonstrates that existing legal norms, notably Article 156a of the Penal Code, are highly ambiguous and susceptible to abuse, disproportionately affecting minority groups. Furthermore, Constitutional Court Decision No. 140/PUU-VII/2009, which upholds the constitutionality of this article, reinforces a discriminatory status quo. Consequently, this article advocates for the statutory reformulation of these offenses utilizing a restorative justice approach, the implementation of administrative sanctions, and the strengthening of penal mediation mechanisms as stipulated in Attorney General Regulation No. 15 of 2020. The primary contribution of this research is proposing a roadmap for legal reform that strikes a balance between safeguarding religious freedom and ensuring public order, in strict compliance with international frameworks such as the ICCPR and the Siracusa Principles. </dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-06-30</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ciils/article/view/25218</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/ciils.v5i1.25218</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Contemporary Issues on Interfaith Law and Society; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Interfaith Dialogue and the Rule of Law; 131-164</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2829-8624</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2829-8373</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ciils/article/view/25218/10852</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Beniharmoni  Harefa, Abdul  Kholiq, Anugerah Tatema  Harefa, Oinike Natalia  Harefa, Nor Akhmal Hasmin (Author)</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>