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Financial Inclusion, Aggregate Income, and Poverty: Districts/Cities in Indonesia

Efficient: Indonesian Journal of Development Economics · Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025) · hlm. 133–150

DOI
10.15294/efficient.v8i2.352
ISSN
2655-318X, 2655-6197
Terbit
2025-06-04
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Bahasa
eng

Abstrak

This study aims to empirically explore the condition of financial inclusion and relation between financial services sector development, real sector growth, and poverty alleviation. This study focuses on 334 Indonesian districts and cities in 2021. Financial inclusion measured by the penetration, availability, and utilization of banking services, which accumulate into a financial inclusion index. To examine the direct and indirect effects of financial inclusion on poverty through aggregate income, the Hayes Process Macro bootstrapping technique was used. In 2021 Central Jakarta has the highest level of financial inclusion in Indonesia, with an index of 0.8. The main form of financial inclusion is the availability of commercial bank offices and rural banks, while bank account ownership and the use of deposit and loan products in the formal financial services sector play a smaller role in the financial inclusion of Indonesian districts and cities in 2021. The findings indicate that financial inclusion has a positive and significant effect on aggregate income, a negative and significant effect on poverty, and aggregate income can mediate the relationship between financial inclusion and poverty.

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25 penulis · 57 tautan kepenulisan bersama · 3 lintas organisasi

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  • State University of Semarang
  • Diponegoro University
  • Curtin University
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Dwi RahmayaniState University of Semarang3
Sucihatiningsih Dian Wisika PrajantiState University of Semarang3
Yozi Aulia RahmanState University of Semarang2
Deky Aji SusenoState University of Semarang2
Erman Denny ArfintoDiponegoro University1
Ageng Cokro Syahid HasyimCurtin University1
Fafurida FafuridaState University of Semarang1
Ririn Bella SilviaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Mifta Qoirun Nisa ArifinState University of Semarang1
Elvira Latifa IsnainiState University of Semarang1
Anton SupriyadiState University of Semarang1
Andini KurniasariState University of Semarang1
Ilham Aldi NurrochmanState University of Semarang1
Durrotul HikmahState University of Semarang1
Adinda Dwi NurlestariState University of Semarang1
Farida Nur AzizahState University of Semarang1
Prasetyo Ari BowoState University of Semarang1
Phany Ineke PutriState University of Semarang1
Dafa Afif PratamaState University of Semarang1
Ervina Ayu TamaraState University of Semarang1
FafuridaState University of Semarang1
Dyah Maya NihayahState University of Semarang1
Murwatiningsih MurwatiningsihState University of Semarang1

Afiliasi berasal dari OpenAlex; metadata OAI-PMH jurnal tidak memuatnya. Penulis tanpa ID OpenAlex dicocokkan berdasarkan nama, sehingga dua orang bisa tergabung atau satu orang bisa terpisah.

Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/efficient/oai, pertama di-harvest 5 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Financial Inclusion, Aggregate Income, and Poverty: Districts/Cities in Indonesia</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Fauzia, Syafna</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Shanty Oktavilia</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Financial Inclusion</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en"> Aggregate Income</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Poverty</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">This study aims to empirically explore the condition of financial inclusion and relation between financial services sector development, real sector growth, and poverty alleviation. This study focuses on 334 Indonesian districts and cities in 2021. Financial inclusion measured by the penetration, availability, and utilization of banking services, which accumulate into a financial inclusion index. To examine the direct and indirect effects of financial inclusion on poverty through aggregate income, the Hayes Process Macro bootstrapping technique was used. In 2021 Central Jakarta has the highest level of financial inclusion in Indonesia, with an index of 0.8. The main form of financial inclusion is the availability of commercial bank offices and rural banks, while bank account ownership and the use of deposit and loan products in the formal financial services sector play a smaller role in the financial inclusion of Indonesian districts and cities in 2021. The findings indicate that financial inclusion has a positive and significant effect on aggregate income, a negative and significant effect on poverty, and aggregate income can mediate the relationship between financial inclusion and poverty.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-06-04</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/efficient/article/view/352</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/efficient.v8i2.352</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Efficient: Indonesian Journal of Development Economics; Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025); 133-150</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2655-318X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2655-6197</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/v9jn5g50</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/efficient/article/view/352/5557</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Efficient: Indonesian Journal of Development Economics</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>