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The Effect of GDP per Capita, Corruption Perception Index, Human Development Index, and Coal Consumption on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the BRICS Group of Countries

Efficient: Indonesian Journal of Development Economics · Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025) · hlm. 183–193

DOI
10.15294/efficient.v8i2.1867
ISSN
2655-318X, 2655-6197
Terbit
2025-06-08
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Bahasa
eng

Abstrak

Economic growth is an important indicator for a country's economy. Along with the development of economic activity, it also has an impact on the environment. This is discussed in the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory where when per capita income increases, at a certain income level, environmental degradation also decreases. This study uses the Pooled Mean group/ARDL method from 1996 to 2021 in the BRICS country group. The results show that the EKC hypothesis does not hold in the short term, but holds in the long term. The corruption perception index has a positive and insignificant effect in the short term and a positive and significant effect in the long term, the human development index has a negative and insignificant effect in the short term and a negative and significant effect in the long term, finally coal consumption has a positive and significant effect in the short term and in the long term. Suggestions in this study include optimizing carbon taxes for countries that have not implemented them and making industrial business feasibility tests so that there are restrictions related to the waste produced.

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/efficient/oai, pertama di-harvest 5 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">The Effect of GDP per Capita, Corruption Perception Index, Human Development Index, and Coal Consumption on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the BRICS Group of Countries</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Daniel, Erikson</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Nurjannah Rahayu Kistanti</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">EKC</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Carbon Emissions</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Corruption Perseption Index</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Human Development Index</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Coal Consumption</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en"> Pooled Mean Group</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Economic growth is an important indicator for a country's economy. Along with the development of economic activity, it also has an impact on the environment. This is discussed in the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory where when per capita income increases, at a certain income level, environmental degradation also decreases. This study uses the Pooled Mean group/ARDL method from 1996 to 2021 in the BRICS country group. The results show that the EKC hypothesis does not hold in the short term, but holds in the long term. The corruption perception index has a positive and insignificant effect in the short term and a positive and significant effect in the long term, the human development index has a negative and insignificant effect in the short term and a negative and significant effect in the long term, finally coal consumption has a positive and significant effect in the short term and in the long term. Suggestions in this study include optimizing carbon taxes for countries that have not implemented them and making industrial business feasibility tests so that there are restrictions related to the waste produced.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-06-08</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/efficient/article/view/1867</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/efficient.v8i2.1867</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Efficient: Indonesian Journal of Development Economics; Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025); 183-193</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2655-318X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2655-6197</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/v9jn5g50</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/efficient/article/view/1867/5712</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Efficient: Indonesian Journal of Development Economics</dc:rights>
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