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Comparative Study of Burden of Proof in Civil Procedure and Consumer Protection Law

The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education · Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025) · hlm. 67–130

DOI
10.15294/iccle.v7i1.21040
ISSN
2721-8368
Terbit
2025-03-31
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Bahasa
eng

Abstrak

This article compares the burden of proof system in resolving consumer disputes under Indonesian Civil Procedure Law and the Consumer Protection Law. It addresses two primary issues: the divergence in evidentiary burdens and the dispute resolution mechanisms adopted by each legal regime. Employing a normative-juridical research method, this study analyzes both primary and secondary legal materials using legislative and comparative legal approaches. The findings reveal that Civil Procedure Law adopts the principle of actori incumbit probatio, where the burden of proof lies with the plaintiff—often disadvantaging consumers due to their limited access to evidence and legal resources. In contrast, the Consumer Protection Law (Law No. 8 of 1999) introduces a reverse burden of proof, requiring business actors to prove they are not at fault, thereby offering more equitable legal protection. The article includes case studies such as Supreme Court Decisions No. 681/Pdt.G/2019/PN.Jkt.Sel. and No. 175 K/Pdt.Sus-BPSK/2021 to illustrate the practical consequences of each burden of proof model. The analysis underscores the structural disadvantage consumers face under traditional civil litigation and how the reverse burden compensates for this imbalance. This research contributes to legal scholarship by clarifying legal terms (burden of proof, presumption, and standard of proof) and by emphasizing the need for procedural harmonization. Additionally, it contributes to the development of consumer law in Indonesia by offering doctrinal clarification and practical recommendations to strengthen access to justice. Ultimately, the study recommends aligning evidentiary standards with substantive justice to enhance consumer protection and ensure fairness in dispute resolution systems.

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Yuli Prasetyo AdhiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
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I Made Widia Wirya PutraAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Mentari Berliana Kemala DewiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Septhian Eka AdiyatmaState University of Semarang1
Mila Rizki AuliaState University of Semarang1
Anis WidyawatiState University of Semarang1
Panusunan PanusunanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
R. Kemala NababanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Triyono TriyonoDiponegoro University1
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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/iccle/oai, pertama di-harvest 5 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Comparative Study of Burden of Proof in Civil Procedure and Consumer Protection Law</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en"> Almira Balqis</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Sulistianingsih , Dewi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Pujiono , Pujiono </dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Burden of Proof</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Consumer Protection Law</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Civil Procedure Law</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Consumer Dispute</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Reversed Burden of Proof</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">This article compares the burden of proof system in resolving consumer disputes under Indonesian Civil Procedure Law and the Consumer Protection Law. It addresses two primary issues: the divergence in evidentiary burdens and the dispute resolution mechanisms adopted by each legal regime. Employing a normative-juridical research method, this study analyzes both primary and secondary legal materials using legislative and comparative legal approaches. The findings reveal that Civil Procedure Law adopts the principle of actori incumbit probatio, where the burden of proof lies with the plaintiff—often disadvantaging consumers due to their limited access to evidence and legal resources. In contrast, the Consumer Protection Law (Law No. 8 of 1999) introduces a reverse burden of proof, requiring business actors to prove they are not at fault, thereby offering more equitable legal protection. The article includes case studies such as Supreme Court Decisions No. 681/Pdt.G/2019/PN.Jkt.Sel. and No. 175 K/Pdt.Sus-BPSK/2021 to illustrate the practical consequences of each burden of proof model. The analysis underscores the structural disadvantage consumers face under traditional civil litigation and how the reverse burden compensates for this imbalance. This research contributes to legal scholarship by clarifying legal terms (burden of proof, presumption, and standard of proof) and by emphasizing the need for procedural harmonization. Additionally, it contributes to the development of consumer law in Indonesia by offering doctrinal clarification and practical recommendations to strengthen access to justice. Ultimately, the study recommends aligning evidentiary standards with substantive justice to enhance consumer protection and ensure fairness in dispute resolution systems.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-03-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/iccle/article/view/21040</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/iccle.v7i1.21040</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education; Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025): March; 67-130</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2721-8368</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/iccle.v7i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/iccle/article/view/21040/4584</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>