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Criminal Penalties in Cyberspace: Between the Development of Digital Democracy and Authoritarianism

IJCLS (Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies) · Vol. 10 No. 1 (2025) · hlm. 45–82

DOI
10.15294/ijcls.v10i1.19652
ISSN
2548-1576, 2548-1568
Terbit
2025-05-31
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Bahasa
eng

Abstrak

This study examines the implementation of Articles 27, 28, and 45 of the Information and Electronic Transactions Law (UU ITE) in the context of freedom of expression and digital democracy in Indonesia, both before and after the 2016 and 2024 amendments. Utilizing a normative approach that integrates conceptual, comparative, and futuristic methods, the research aims to analyze how these regulatory changes affect political participation in cyberspace and foster a climate of surveillance that may hinder digital democracy. This study also employs positivist legal theory, justice theory, and human rights principles to understand the socio-political and legal implications of these provisions. The findings reveal that Article 27 on defamation, Article 28 on the dissemination of false information and hate speech, and Article 45 on criminal sanctions significantly impact freedom of expression. The implementation of these provisions is often ambiguous and subjective, leading to potential misuse for suppressing criticism of the government and public officials. Although the 2024 amendments introduced changes, such as the removal of Article 27 paragraph (3) and the addition of Articles 27A and 27B, challenges persist due to vague legal language and severe penalties. This ambiguity creates a "chilling effect," deterring individuals from expressing criticism or engaging in open political discourse in the digital sphere. Furthermore, the study explores the implications of these regulations for the future of digital democracy in Indonesia, particularly in the context of information control. The findings highlight that the UU ITE facilitates non-transparent surveillance, which restricts freedom of expression and political participation. To foster a healthier digital ecosystem, the study recommends more inclusive reforms of the UU ITE, involving various stakeholders, enhancing digital literacy, and promoting collaboration between the government, digital platforms, and society. This research contributes novel insights into the interaction between cyber regulations, freedom of expression, and digital democracy in Indonesia by offering policy perspectives that support fairer and more democratic cyber governance.

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  • Universitas Sumatera Utara
  • Cenderawasih University
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Kiki KristantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui4
Aris HardinantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Ariesta Wibisono AndityaAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Mikhael FekaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Nahdiya SabrinaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Panca Sarjana PutraAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Papontee TeeraphanAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Firdaus ArifinAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Dominicus Danardono Dwi Prija TjahjanaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Hendri DwiyantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Agus ManfaluthiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
La HataniAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
La Ode Asfahyadin AliddinAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Hendra KusumaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nur AzizahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Joice SorayaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
PujiyonoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
R.B SulartoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Ana Tasia PaseAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Timotius Febry Cristian Wahyu SutrisnoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Trinas Dewi HariyanaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Ali Huristak Hartawan HasibuanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Benny SumardianaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Eka Nugraha PutraAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Mahmud MulyadiUniversitas Sumatera Utara1
Achmad CholidinAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Iskandar ISKANDARAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Lestari SinagaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nurhayati MardinAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Anis WidyawatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Kasmanto RinaldiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Imam MachaliAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Ahmad RodliAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Beniharmoni HarefaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Kayus K LewolebaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Akhmad AkhmadCenderawasih University1
Naufal Ghani BayhaqiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

Afiliasi berasal dari OpenAlex; metadata OAI-PMH jurnal tidak memuatnya. Penulis tanpa ID OpenAlex dicocokkan berdasarkan nama, sehingga dua orang bisa tergabung atau satu orang bisa terpisah.

Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ijcls/oai, pertama di-harvest 5 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 5 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Criminal Penalties in Cyberspace: Between the Development of Digital Democracy and Authoritarianism</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Emi Puasa Handayani</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Zainal Arifin</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Zico Junius Fernando</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">UU ITE</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Freedom of Expression</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Digital Democracy</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Cyber Surveillance</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Regulatory Reform</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">This study examines the implementation of Articles 27, 28, and 45 of the Information and Electronic Transactions Law (UU ITE) in the context of freedom of expression and digital democracy in Indonesia, both before and after the 2016 and 2024 amendments. Utilizing a normative approach that integrates conceptual, comparative, and futuristic methods, the research aims to analyze how these regulatory changes affect political participation in cyberspace and foster a climate of surveillance that may hinder digital democracy. This study also employs positivist legal theory, justice theory, and human rights principles to understand the socio-political and legal implications of these provisions. The findings reveal that Article 27 on defamation, Article 28 on the dissemination of false information and hate speech, and Article 45 on criminal sanctions significantly impact freedom of expression. The implementation of these provisions is often ambiguous and subjective, leading to potential misuse for suppressing criticism of the government and public officials. Although the 2024 amendments introduced changes, such as the removal of Article 27 paragraph (3) and the addition of Articles 27A and 27B, challenges persist due to vague legal language and severe penalties. This ambiguity creates a "chilling effect," deterring individuals from expressing criticism or engaging in open political discourse in the digital sphere. Furthermore, the study explores the implications of these regulations for the future of digital democracy in Indonesia, particularly in the context of information control. The findings highlight that the UU ITE facilitates non-transparent surveillance, which restricts freedom of expression and political participation. To foster a healthier digital ecosystem, the study recommends more inclusive reforms of the UU ITE, involving various stakeholders, enhancing digital literacy, and promoting collaboration between the government, digital platforms, and society. This research contributes novel insights into the interaction between cyber regulations, freedom of expression, and digital democracy in Indonesia by offering policy perspectives that support fairer and more democratic cyber governance.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-05-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ijcls/article/view/19652</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/ijcls.v10i1.19652</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">IJCLS (Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies); Vol. 10 No. 1 (2025): Indonesia J. Crim. L. Studies (May, 2025); 45-82</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2548-1576</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2548-1568</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/ijcls.v10i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ijcls/article/view/19652/3079</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>