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Reconstructing Criminal Liability in Trademark Law: Lessons from Indonesia and Spain

IJCLS (Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies) · Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026) · hlm. 213–242

DOI
10.15294/ijcls.v11i1.36962
ISSN
2548-1576, 2548-1568
Terbit
2026-05-04
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstrak

This study examines the construction of criminal liability in trademark law through a comparative analysis between Indonesia and Spain. The main problem addressed is the limited effectiveness of Indonesia’s criminal trademark enforcement under Law Number 20 of 2016 on Trademarks and Geographical Indications, particularly due to its complaint-based offense model, unclear formulation of mens rea, limited scope of actus reus, and the absence of explicit corporate criminal liability and asset forfeiture mechanisms. The purpose of this research is to identify the similarities and fundamental differences in criminal liability frameworks in both jurisdictions and to formulate an ideal reconstruction model for Indonesia based on Spain’s best practices. This study employs normative legal research, drawing on conceptual and comparative approaches, by analyzing primary legal materials, legal doctrines, and relevant academic literature. The findings show that Spain provides a more coherent and effective criminal enforcement system through the integration of trademark crimes into the Código Penal, the application of public offenses, the requirement of commercial intent, the recognition of aggravated offenses, and explicit corporate criminal liability supported by additional penalties such as confiscation and business closure. In contrast, Indonesia’s current framework remains fragmented and less responsive to organized and digital-based trademark counterfeiting. This study concludes that Indonesia must reconstruct its criminal trademark provisions by shifting towards a differentiated public-offense model, strengthening the formulation of intent and commercial purpose, expanding digital enforcement coverage, incorporating protection for well-known unregistered marks, and establishing corporate criminal liability with comprehensive sanctions to ensure effective and proportional trademark protection aligned with international standards.

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  • Udayana University
  • University of National Education
  • Universidad de Sevilla
  • Dhofar University
  • Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis Yadika Pasuruan
  • Wisconsin International University College
  • Our Lady of Fatima University
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
I Gede Agus KurniawanUniversity of National Education12
Fradhana Putra DisantaraInstitut Teknologi dan Bisnis Yadika Pasuruan7
Ni Ketut Supasti DharmawanUdayana University4
Briggs Samuel Mawunyo NutakorWisconsin International University College3
Princess Alyssa D. Tee-AnastacioOur Lady of Fatima University3
Mac Thi Hoai ThuongHanoi Law University2
Musallam Al AwaidDhofar University2
Maia KapanadzeCaucasus International University2
Jan Alizea SybelleStellenbosch University2
Desak Putu Dewi KasihUdayana University1
Khalid MustafaUniversity of National Education1
Dinara F. AbdunayimovaUniversity of Illinois Urbana-Champaign1
Antonio Gutiérrez-PozoUniversidad de Sevilla1
Ketut Elly SutrisniUniversity of National Education1
Souad Ahmed EzzeroualiDhofar University1
Ruetaitip Tungkasamitra ChansrakaeoValaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University1
I Nyoman BudianaUniversity of National Education1
Anak Agung Istri Ari Atu DewiUdayana University1
Anak Agung Istri Eka KrisnayantiUdayana University1
Made Suksma Prijandhini Devi SalainUdayana University1
Annalisa YahananSriwijaya University1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ijcls/oai, pertama di-harvest 5 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Reconstructing Criminal Liability in Trademark Law: Lessons from Indonesia and Spain</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Kurniawan, I Gede Agus</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Ni Ketut Supasti Dharmawan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Putu Aras Samsithawrati</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Anak Agung Ayu Ngurah Sri Rahayu Gorda</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Gutiérrez-Pozo, Antonio </dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Legal Reconstruction</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Criminal Liability</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Trademark Law</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">This study examines the construction of criminal liability in trademark law through a comparative analysis between Indonesia and Spain. The main problem addressed is the limited effectiveness of Indonesia’s criminal trademark enforcement under Law Number 20 of 2016 on Trademarks and Geographical Indications, particularly due to its complaint-based offense model, unclear formulation of mens rea, limited scope of actus reus, and the absence of explicit corporate criminal liability and asset forfeiture mechanisms. The purpose of this research is to identify the similarities and fundamental differences in criminal liability frameworks in both jurisdictions and to formulate an ideal reconstruction model for Indonesia based on Spain’s best practices. This study employs normative legal research, drawing on conceptual and comparative approaches, by analyzing primary legal materials, legal doctrines, and relevant academic literature. The findings show that Spain provides a more coherent and effective criminal enforcement system through the integration of trademark crimes into the Código Penal, the application of public offenses, the requirement of commercial intent, the recognition of aggravated offenses, and explicit corporate criminal liability supported by additional penalties such as confiscation and business closure. In contrast, Indonesia’s current framework remains fragmented and less responsive to organized and digital-based trademark counterfeiting. This study concludes that Indonesia must reconstruct its criminal trademark provisions by shifting towards a differentiated public-offense model, strengthening the formulation of intent and commercial purpose, expanding digital enforcement coverage, incorporating protection for well-known unregistered marks, and establishing corporate criminal liability with comprehensive sanctions to ensure effective and proportional trademark protection aligned with international standards.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-05-04</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ijcls/article/view/36962</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/ijcls.v11i1.36962</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">IJCLS (Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies); Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): Indonesia J. Crim. L. Studies (May, 2026); 213-242</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2548-1576</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2548-1568</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/ijcls.v11i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ijcls/article/view/36962/9540</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 I Gede Agus Kurniawan, Ni Ketut Supasti Dharmawan, Putu Aras Samsithawrati, Anak Agung Ayu Ngurah Sri Rahayu Gorda, Antonio  Gutiérrez-Pozo (Author)</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
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