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Cyber-Enabled Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia: A New Frontier of Exploitation

IJCLS (Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies) · Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026) · hlm. 515–554

DOI
10.15294/ijcls.v11i1.37557
ISSN
2548-1576, 2548-1568
Terbit
2026-05-09
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstrak

Human trafficking in ASEAN has evolved into a hybrid system that combines traditional forms of exploitation with rapidly expanding digital infrastructures. Despite growing attention to trafficking and cybercrime, limited research explains how digital technologies structurally reshape trafficking operations across Southeast Asia. This study addresses this gap by analysing the intersection of trafficking and cyber-enabled crime, focusing on online recruitment, encrypted communication, and digital financial systems. The research employs a qualitative design integrating doctrinal legal analysis, comparative case studies, and socio-digital mapping of trafficking patterns across selected ASEAN countries. It draws on regional legal instruments, national regulations, and documented cross-border cases. The findings reveal that cyber-enabled trafficking accelerates victim recruitment, strengthens transnational coordination, and increases profitability through mechanisms such as scam compounds, livestreamed exploitation, and cryptocurrency-based laundering. At the same time, ASEAN responses remain constrained by fragmented cybercrime laws, limited digital forensic capacity, and weak cross-border cooperation. This study contributes an integrated analytical framework linking legal-institutional gaps with evolving digital practices and offers policy-relevant recommendations, including harmonised cybercrime definitions, enhanced regional data systems, and strengthened investigative collaboration.

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  • Cenderawasih University
  • National Research and Innovation Agency
  • Universitas Airlangga
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Seokkyu KimAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Agung SujatmikoAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Bambang Sugeng Ariadi SubagyonoAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Zahry Vandawati ChumaidaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
IRFAN WAHYUDICenderawasih University2
Rachmah IdaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Toetik KoesbardiatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Dina SunyowatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Pradnya Paramitha Putri AriadhiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Edi Dwi RiyantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Kisho TsuchiyaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Lina PuryantiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Gayung KasumaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Patrick KeizerAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Christoph AntonsAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Bambang SuheryadiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Noureldin Samy ElkhashabAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Hadi SusantoNational Research and Innovation Agency1
Siti KhanafiyahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Ghansham AnandUniversitas Airlangga1
Shih-Chen ShiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Dieter RahmadiawanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Hairul AbralAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Imtiaz Ali LaghariAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Thiago F. SantosAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Tio BaskaraAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Ahmad Novi MusliminAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ijcls/oai, pertama di-harvest 5 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Cyber-Enabled Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia: A New Frontier of Exploitation</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Mochamad Kevin Romadhona</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Kinasih, Sri Endah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Eni Sugiarti</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Oktafenanda, Rachmat Dimas</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Alfadhel, Alaa Basil Baqer</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Trafficking in Person</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Labor Migration</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Cybercrime</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">ASEAN Framework</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Human trafficking in ASEAN has evolved into a hybrid system that combines traditional forms of exploitation with rapidly expanding digital infrastructures. Despite growing attention to trafficking and cybercrime, limited research explains how digital technologies structurally reshape trafficking operations across Southeast Asia. This study addresses this gap by analysing the intersection of trafficking and cyber-enabled crime, focusing on online recruitment, encrypted communication, and digital financial systems. The research employs a qualitative design integrating doctrinal legal analysis, comparative case studies, and socio-digital mapping of trafficking patterns across selected ASEAN countries. It draws on regional legal instruments, national regulations, and documented cross-border cases. The findings reveal that cyber-enabled trafficking accelerates victim recruitment, strengthens transnational coordination, and increases profitability through mechanisms such as scam compounds, livestreamed exploitation, and cryptocurrency-based laundering. At the same time, ASEAN responses remain constrained by fragmented cybercrime laws, limited digital forensic capacity, and weak cross-border cooperation. This study contributes an integrated analytical framework linking legal-institutional gaps with evolving digital practices and offers policy-relevant recommendations, including harmonised cybercrime definitions, enhanced regional data systems, and strengthened investigative collaboration.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-05-09</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ijcls/article/view/37557</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/ijcls.v11i1.37557</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">IJCLS (Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies); Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): Indonesia J. Crim. L. Studies (May, 2026); 515-554</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2548-1576</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2548-1568</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/ijcls.v11i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ijcls/article/view/37557/9609</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Mochamad Kevin Romadhona, Sri Endah Kinasih, Eni Sugiarti, Rachmat Dimas Oktafenanda, Alaa Basil Baqer Alfadhel (Author)</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>