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Impossibility of Performance in Environmental Contracts: A Case Study of the Merapi Volcano Eruption and Its Impact on Contractual Obligations

Indonesian Journal of Environmental Law and Sustainable Development · Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025) · hlm. 177–216

DOI
10.15294/ijel.v4i2.21910
ISSN
2829-9590, 2829-9582
Terbit
2025-12-30
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

This paper examines the application of the doctrine of impossibility of performance in the context of environmental contracts in Indonesia, using the 2010 Merapi volcano eruption as a case study. The eruption, one of the most significant in recent decades, caused widespread destruction to infrastructure, agriculture, and local communities in Central Java. The paper investigates how businesses and government entities, bound by contractual obligations related to the affected regions—particularly in agriculture, tourism, and infrastructure—dealt with their inability to fulfill performance due to the eruption’s catastrophic consequences. Through an analysis of specific contracts and the invocation of force majeure and impossibility of performance clauses, this research seeks to understand how these legal doctrines were applied or misapplied, and whether they provided adequate relief or recourse for affected parties. The paper also explores the balance between contractual freedom and public interest in the face of natural disasters, considering the impact on long-term environmental recovery and business continuity. By analyzing case studies from key industries such as agriculture and tourism, the paper contributes to a deeper understanding of how environmental disasters challenge the enforcement of contractual obligations. It offers recommendations for adapting Indonesian contract law to better address environmental risks and unforeseen natural events, ensuring more robust protections for businesses and affected communities. This research contributes to the ongoing dialogue on improving the resilience of environmental contracts in the face of unpredictable natural phenomena.

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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Anis WidyawatiState University of Semarang8
Riska AlkadriState University of Semarang7
Souad Ahmed EzzeroualiDhofar University7
Nadiyah Meyliana PutriState University of Semarang6
Rasdi RasdiState University of Semarang6
Waspiah WaspiahState University of Semarang6
Indah Sri UtariState University of Semarang6
John WoodwardNewcastle University6
Nurul FibriantiState University of Semarang5
Ali MasyharState University of Semarang5
Septhian Eka AdiyatmaState University of Semarang5
Bayangsari WedhatamiState University of Semarang5
Ngboawaji Daniel NteNovena University5
Muhammad Iqbal BaiquniState University of Semarang5
Riki JuliantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui5
Dian LatifianiState University of Semarang5
Ema RahmawatiPadjadjaran University5
Muhammad Wahyu Saiful HudaState University of Semarang4
Suparto SupartoIslamic University of Riau4
Syaiful AminState University of Semarang3
R. Benny RiyantoState University of Semarang3
Layla Putri AulyaState University of Semarang3
Asyaffa Ridzqi AmandhaState University of Semarang3
Rodiyah RodiyahState University of Semarang3
Ngaboawaji Daniel NteNovena University3
Zaharuddin Sani Ahmah SabriNational Defence University of Malaysia3
Valerio SebastianUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona2
Jeremy Zefanya Yaka ArvanteState University of Semarang2
Maulana Fuad NugrahaState University of Semarang2
Ahmad Zaharuddin Sani Ahmad SabriAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Robert Brian SmithUniversity of New England2
Zahra Zara MahasinAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Firqotun NaziahState University of Semarang2
Adiguna Bagas Waskito AjiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Puji WiyatnoState University of Semarang2

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ijel/oai, pertama di-harvest 5 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Impossibility of Performance in Environmental Contracts: A Case Study of the Merapi Volcano Eruption and Its Impact on Contractual Obligations</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Admiral, Admiral</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Adinda, Fadhel Arjuna</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Hamzah , Rosyidi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Maisa, Maisa</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Arifin, Ridwan </dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Impossibility of Performance</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Merapi Volcano Eruption</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Environmental Contracts</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Force Majeure</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Legal Doctrines</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Natural Disasters</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">This paper examines the application of the doctrine of impossibility of performance in the context of environmental contracts in Indonesia, using the 2010 Merapi volcano eruption as a case study. The eruption, one of the most significant in recent decades, caused widespread destruction to infrastructure, agriculture, and local communities in Central Java. The paper investigates how businesses and government entities, bound by contractual obligations related to the affected regions—particularly in agriculture, tourism, and infrastructure—dealt with their inability to fulfill performance due to the eruption’s catastrophic consequences. Through an analysis of specific contracts and the invocation of force majeure and impossibility of performance clauses, this research seeks to understand how these legal doctrines were applied or misapplied, and whether they provided adequate relief or recourse for affected parties. The paper also explores the balance between contractual freedom and public interest in the face of natural disasters, considering the impact on long-term environmental recovery and business continuity. By analyzing case studies from key industries such as agriculture and tourism, the paper contributes to a deeper understanding of how environmental disasters challenge the enforcement of contractual obligations. It offers recommendations for adapting  Indonesian contract law to better address environmental risks and unforeseen natural events, ensuring more robust protections for businesses and affected communities. This research contributes to the ongoing dialogue on improving the resilience of environmental contracts in the face of unpredictable natural phenomena.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-12-30</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ijel/article/view/21910</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/ijel.v4i2.21910</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Indonesian Journal of Environmental Law and Sustainable Development; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): July-December, 2025; 177-216</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2829-9590</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2829-9582</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/ijel.v4i2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ijel/article/view/21910/7831</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Admiral Admiral, Fadhel Arjuna Adinda, Rosyidi Hamzah , Maisa Maisa, Ridwan  Arifin (Author)</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>