Transnational terrorism in the border regions of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines demonstrates that security threats can no longer be addressed solely through a state-centric security approach. Border areas characterized by limited surveillance, inadequate development, and restricted access to public services have become particularly vulnerable to exploitation by transnational terrorist networks. In this context, indigenous peoples are among the most affected groups, as their ancestral territories are frequently used either as operational bases for terrorist activities or as sites for the implementation of counter-terrorism measures. This study aims to analyze the impact of transnational terrorism on the collective rights of indigenous peoples and to examine the effectiveness of legal protection mechanisms within the ASEAN regional framework. The research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The findings reveal that the ASEAN Convention on Counter Terrorism (ACCT) and the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (AHRD) have not yet provided adequate protection for the collective rights of indigenous peoples, particularly regarding their rights to ancestral lands, cultural identity, and meaningful participation in decision-making processes. Therefore, a reconstruction of counter-terrorism policies based on the human security approach is necessary. Such an approach should include stronger protection of indigenous collective rights, the implementation of the Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) principle, and the development of community-based security mechanisms to ensure both regional security and the sustainability of indigenous communities in border areas.
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