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Performance and Energy Evaluation of Multi-Hop Network Topologies for Water Distribution Monitoring

Journal of Electrical and Intelligent Systems · Vol. 1 No. 2 (2026) · hlm. 27–32

DOI
10.68129/jeis.v1i2.9
ISSN
3163-7663
Terbit
2026-09-30
Penerbit
Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Real-time monitoring of urban water distribution systems has become a critical requirement in modern smart urbanization, rendering traditional manual monitoring and data recording methods obsolete. To overcome these challenges, this paper presents a comprehensive study on the empirical evaluation of power consumption and communication performance in a low-cost Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) using the NRF24L01+ transceiver. Although natively restricted to basic point-to-point and single-level star topologies, a custom multi-hop routing protocol utilizing an advanced octal addressing scheme was developed to enable multi-tier network scalability. Three network topologies Star, Tree, and Series Tree were implemented and combined with two message scheduling mechanisms: By-Request polling and Round-Robin data aggregation. The system was subjected to rigorous testing under both Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) conditions across complex, obstacle-dense environments including concrete walls and heavy foliage. The experimental results reveal that the proposed multi-hop framework successfully achieves a 0% packet loss rate across seven obstacle zones where traditional Peer-to-Peer (P2P) connections fail entirely. Furthermore, the By-Request scheduling combined with a Series Tree topology demonstrated superior energy efficiency, requiring a minimal total power output of only 91.86 mWh over an operational period of one hour. Balancing data rates between 250 Kbps and 2 Mbps provides optimal real-time monitoring stability and low latency (6 ms per node). These findings provide a scalable, highly cost-effective blueprint for large-scale municipal water asset management.

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  • Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya
  • Panasonic (Japan)
  • Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
  • Universitas Gadjah Mada
  • Afiliasi tidak diketahui
  • Organisasi berbeda
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Iwan SyarifPoliteknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya1
Edi SatriyantoPoliteknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya1
Ayu Ahadi NingrumPoliteknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya1
Rosmaliati MuchtarAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Bima Sena Bayu DewantaraPoliteknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya1
Muhammad Wafiq KamaluddinPoliteknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya1
Setiawardhana SetiawardhanaPoliteknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya1
Era InsivitawatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Anja Asmarany RAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Ariesa Editya PratamaPanasonic (Japan)1
Nihayatus Sa’adahPoliteknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya1
Faridatun NadzirohPoliteknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya1
Haniah MahmudahInstitut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember1
Fitri FitriahPoliteknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya1
Hari Wahjuningrat SuparnoPoliteknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya1
Muhammad Hendra SyahputraAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Thofail SyakirudinPoliteknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya1
Widita TrisnianiPoliteknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya1
Oskar NatanUniversitas Gadjah Mada1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journals.pens.ac.id/index.php/jeis/oai, pertama di-harvest 6 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Performance and Energy Evaluation of Multi-Hop Network Topologies for Water Distribution Monitoring</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Susanto, Wilhan Jechovanda</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Gunawan, Agus Indra</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Sudibyo, Rahardhita Widyatra</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">NRF24L01+</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Topology</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Communication</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Multi-hop</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Smart water monitoring</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Real-time monitoring of urban water distribution systems has become a critical requirement in modern smart urbanization, rendering traditional manual monitoring and data recording methods obsolete. To overcome these challenges, this paper presents a comprehensive study on the empirical evaluation of power consumption and communication performance in a low-cost Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) using the NRF24L01+ transceiver. Although natively restricted to basic point-to-point and single-level star topologies, a custom multi-hop routing protocol utilizing an advanced octal addressing scheme was developed to enable multi-tier network scalability. Three network topologies Star, Tree, and Series Tree were implemented and combined with two message scheduling mechanisms: By-Request polling and Round-Robin data aggregation. The system was subjected to rigorous testing under both Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) conditions across complex, obstacle-dense environments including concrete walls and heavy foliage. The experimental results reveal that the proposed multi-hop framework successfully achieves a 0% packet loss rate across seven obstacle zones where traditional Peer-to-Peer (P2P) connections fail entirely. Furthermore, the By-Request scheduling combined with a Series Tree topology demonstrated superior energy efficiency, requiring a minimal total power output of only 91.86 mWh over an operational period of one hour. Balancing data rates between 250 Kbps and 2 Mbps provides optimal real-time monitoring stability and low latency (6 ms per node). These findings provide a scalable, highly cost-effective blueprint for large-scale municipal water asset management.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-09-30</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journals.pens.ac.id/jeis/article/view/106</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.68129/jeis.v1i2.9</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Journal of Electrical and Intelligent Systems; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2026): September; 27-32</dc:source>
	<dc:source>3163-7663</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journals.pens.ac.id/jeis/article/view/106/51</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Wilhan Jechovanda Susanto, Agus Indra Gunawan, Rahardhita Widyatra Sudibyo (Author)</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>