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Physicochemical Characterization and Bioactive Compound Profiling of Oil Palm Leaf (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Extract for Green Nutraceutical Effervescent Tablets

Journal of Clean Technology · Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026) · hlm. 33–44

DOI
10.15294/joct.v3i1.44909
ISSN
2460-9811, 2460-8874
Terbit
2026-03-06
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

Abstrak

The valorisation of oil palm leaf (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) agricultural waste into high-value nutraceutical products embodies circular economy principles within the world's largest palm oil producing nation. Oil palm leaves, currently discarded across 16.83 million hectares of Indonesian plantations, harbour diverse antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds. This study presents a comprehensive, multi-technique physicochemical and chemical characterisation of palm leaf ethanol extract and its optimal effervescent tablet formulation (F1, acid:base = 1:1) relevant to clean technology nutraceutical development. The palm leaf extract was characterised by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) nanostructural analysis using the Debye-Scherrer equation, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant stability was assessed by the DPPH radical scavenging assay over four weeks (n = 3). XRD analysis revealed nanoparticulate crystal sizes of 58.91 nm (granules) and 56.38 nm (tablets), with predominantly amorphous phase morphology preserved through pharmaceutical processing. FTIR confirmed phenolic O–H stretching (3420 cm⁻¹), fatty acid C–H chains (2920, 2851 cm⁻¹), ester carbonyl (1740 cm⁻¹), and aromatic C=C (1633 cm⁻¹), validating chemical composition. GC-MS identified 25 peaks with 19 characterised compounds; dominant bioactives include n-hexadecanoic acid (11.80%), combined heneicosane peaks (31.14%), hexadecanoic acid 2-hydroxy ester (10.39%), and heptadecene-(8)-carbonic acid-(1) (10.15%), with documented antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative activities. Formulation F1 maintained IC50 = 21.22 mg/L unchanged over four weeks. Pharmaceutical processing preserves the nanostructural integrity and bioactive composition of palm leaf extract. The research validates a clean technology circular economy pathway converting palm leaf waste—currently 91.5 million tonnes dry weight annually in Indonesia—into stable, bioavailability-enhanced nutraceutical ingredients.

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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Ardiyan Adhi WibowoState University of Semarang4
Wiwit SetyowatiState University of Semarang3
DihartoState University of Semarang2
Eko Budi SantosoState University of Semarang2
Vicky Rosyid HidayatState University of Semarang2
Sintia Putri MaulitaState University of Semarang2
Haniif PrasetiawanState University of Semarang2
Dewi Selvia FardhyantiState University of Semarang2
Bayu TriwibowoState University of Semarang2
Hari UtamaState University of Semarang2
Salwa Nur FadilahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Fahrudin FahrudinState University of Semarang1
Didik Nopianto Agung NugradiState University of Semarang1
Kristoforus VedroState University of Semarang1
FahrudinAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Salwa Nur FadilaState University of Semarang1
Anissa FajrianiState University of Semarang1
Dimas WicaksonoState University of Semarang1
Bambang Setyohadi KPAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Teguh PrihantoState University of Semarang1
Isna PratiwiState University of Semarang1
Muhammad Wasim IkramAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Ramavi AkbarState University of Semarang1
Zuhriyan Ash Shiddieqy BahlawanState University of Semarang1
Astrilia DamayantiState University of Semarang1
Serlia Fitri SadanState University of Semarang1
Nurul KhusnaState University of Semarang1
Karenina HakimState University of Semarang1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/joct/oai, pertama di-harvest 6 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Physicochemical Characterization and Bioactive Compound Profiling of Oil Palm Leaf (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Extract for Green Nutraceutical Effervescent Tablets</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Hanif Ardhiansyah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Fisa Savanti</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Meci Aryani Saputri</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Nisa, Khusnul Khairul</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Antioxidant</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Elaeis guineensis</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">effervescent tablet</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">nanostructure</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">oil palm leaf valorisation</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">waste biomass</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">The valorisation of oil palm leaf (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) agricultural waste into high-value nutraceutical products embodies circular economy principles within the world's largest palm oil producing nation. Oil palm leaves, currently discarded across 16.83 million hectares of Indonesian plantations, harbour diverse antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds. This study presents a comprehensive, multi-technique physicochemical and chemical characterisation of palm leaf ethanol extract and its optimal effervescent tablet formulation (F1, acid:base = 1:1) relevant to clean technology nutraceutical development. The palm leaf extract was characterised by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) nanostructural analysis using the Debye-Scherrer equation, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant stability was assessed by the DPPH radical scavenging assay over four weeks (n = 3). XRD analysis revealed nanoparticulate crystal sizes of 58.91 nm (granules) and 56.38 nm (tablets), with predominantly amorphous phase morphology preserved through pharmaceutical processing. FTIR confirmed phenolic O–H stretching (3420 cm⁻¹), fatty acid C–H chains (2920, 2851 cm⁻¹), ester carbonyl (1740 cm⁻¹), and aromatic C=C (1633 cm⁻¹), validating chemical composition. GC-MS identified 25 peaks with 19 characterised compounds; dominant bioactives include n-hexadecanoic acid (11.80%), combined heneicosane peaks (31.14%), hexadecanoic acid 2-hydroxy ester (10.39%), and heptadecene-(8)-carbonic acid-(1) (10.15%), with documented antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative activities. Formulation F1 maintained IC50 = 21.22 mg/L unchanged over four weeks. Pharmaceutical processing preserves the nanostructural integrity and bioactive composition of palm leaf extract. The research validates a clean technology circular economy pathway converting palm leaf waste—currently 91.5 million tonnes dry weight annually in Indonesia—into stable, bioavailability-enhanced nutraceutical ingredients.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-03-06</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/joct/article/view/44909</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/joct.v3i1.44909</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Journal of Clean Technology; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): February 2026; 33-44</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2460-9811</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2460-8874</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/joct.v3i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/joct/article/view/44909/8640</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Hanif Ardhiansyah, Fisa Savanti, Meci Aryani Saputri, Khusnul Khairul Nisa (Author)</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</dc:rights>
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