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Governance of Community Learning Centers in Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review

Journal of Nonformal Education · Vol. 12 No. nformal (2026) · hlm. 124–134

DOI
10.15294/jone.v12i1.41504
ISSN
2528-4541, 2442-532X
Terbit
2026-02-15
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstrak

Background - Community Learning Centers (PKBM) serve as critical non-formal education institutions in Indonesia, yet governance challenges persist across leadership, collaboration, accountability, policy alignment, and digital dimensions. Research Urgency - Despite growing research on PKBM, a comprehensive synthesis focusing specifically on governance dimensions remains limited. Post-pandemic digital transformation introduces new governance dynamics requiring systematic analysis. Research Objectives - This study aims to: (1) systematically review literature on PKBM governance in Indonesia; (2) identify key governance dimensions influencing implementation; (3) develop an integrated multi-level governance framework; (4) identify critical challenges; and (5) provide evidence-based recommendations. Research Method - Following the PRISMA framework, 18 studies from Google Scholar, Scopus, and ERIC (2022–2026) were analyzed using a multi-level governance theory. Thematic analysis employed an integrated deductive-inductive approach. Research Findings - Results reveal five key governance dimensions: transformational leadership capacity, multi-stakeholder collaboration, accountability mechanisms, policy alignment, and digital governance. Cross-study synthesis identifies three structural contradictions: the standardization-flexibility paradox, the accountability pluralism dilemma, and the digital equity tension. Research Conclusion - Governance plays a decisive role in shaping PKBM effectiveness, quality, and sustainability. The integrated multi-level framework illustrates complex interdependencies across micro, meso, and macro governance levels, advancing governance theory for community-based non-formal education in developing country contexts. Research Novelty/Contribution - This study provides the first comprehensive multi-level governance framework specifically tailored to community-based non-formal education in developing country contexts, synthesizing fragmented literature into a coherent theoretical model and offering evidence-based policy recommendations for strengthening inclusive lifelong learning ecosystems.

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  • Indonesia University of Education
  • University of Technology Malaysia
  • Tanjungpura University
  • Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kerinci
  • Burapha University
  • Universitas Gadjah Mada
  • IKIP Siliwangi
  • Organisasi lain
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Elih SudiapermanaIndonesia University of Education3
Asep Ahmad SaepudinIndonesia University of Education2
Asep SaepudinIndonesia University of Education2
Didin SamsudinIndonesia University of Education2
SodikinIndonesia University of Education2
Cucu SukmanaIndonesia University of Education2
Aqeel KhanUniversity of Technology Malaysia2
Ali HamzahInstitut Agama Islam Negeri Kerinci1
Joni Rahmat PramudiaIndonesia University of Education1
Khemaradee MasingboonBurapha University1
Apriza Hongko PutraAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Eko SulistionoIndonesia University of Education1
Purnomo PurnomoUniversitas Gadjah Mada1
Deti NudiatiIndonesia University of Education1
Novi WidiastutiIKIP Siliwangi1
Uyu WahyudinIndonesia University of Education1
Nunu Mahmud FirdausIndonesia University of Education1
Simona SavaWest University of Timişoara1
Uyu Wahyudin2 Uyu WahyudinAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Ida Nur’aini NoviyantiIndonesia University of Education1
Wahid ErawanUniversitas Garut1
Gumpanat BariboonSrinakharinwirot University1
Iip SaripahIndonesia University of Education1
Dadang Yunus LutfiansyahIndonesia University of Education1
Nike KamarubianiIndonesia University of Education1
Witri Dian RafaniIndonesia University of Education1
Fitria ArifiyantiUniversity of Szeged1
Efriani EfrianiTanjungpura University1
T Heru NurgiansahIndonesia University of Education1
Wibowo Heru PrasetiyoMuhammadiyah University of Surakarta1
Jagad Aditya DewantaraTanjungpura University1
Yudi HermawanTanjungpura University1
Adibah Binti Abdul LatifUniversity of Technology Malaysia1
Syed Faraz AliUniversity of Technology Malaysia1
Abdul Wahab PathathKing Faisal University1

Afiliasi berasal dari OpenAlex; metadata OAI-PMH jurnal tidak memuatnya. Penulis tanpa ID OpenAlex dicocokkan berdasarkan nama, sehingga dua orang bisa tergabung atau satu orang bisa terpisah.

Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jone/oai, pertama di-harvest 6 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Governance of Community Learning Centers in Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Dadang , Dadang Yunus Lutfiansyah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Irnawati, Hanifah </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Shantini, Yanti </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Hatimah, Ihat </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Khan, Aqeel </dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">accountability mechanisms; collaborative governance; community learning center; educational governance; non-formal education.</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Background - Community Learning Centers (PKBM) serve as critical non-formal education institutions in Indonesia, yet governance challenges persist across leadership, collaboration, accountability, policy alignment, and digital dimensions.
Research Urgency - Despite growing research on PKBM, a comprehensive synthesis focusing specifically on governance dimensions remains limited. Post-pandemic digital transformation introduces new governance dynamics requiring systematic analysis.
Research Objectives - This study aims to: (1) systematically review literature on PKBM governance in Indonesia; (2) identify key governance dimensions influencing implementation; (3) develop an integrated multi-level governance framework; (4) identify critical challenges; and (5) provide evidence-based recommendations.
Research Method - Following the PRISMA framework, 18 studies from Google Scholar, Scopus, and ERIC (2022–2026) were analyzed using a multi-level governance theory. Thematic analysis employed an integrated deductive-inductive approach.
Research Findings - Results reveal five key governance dimensions: transformational leadership capacity, multi-stakeholder collaboration, accountability mechanisms, policy alignment, and digital governance. Cross-study synthesis identifies three structural contradictions: the standardization-flexibility paradox, the accountability pluralism dilemma, and the digital equity tension.
Research Conclusion - Governance plays a decisive role in shaping PKBM effectiveness, quality, and sustainability. The integrated multi-level framework illustrates complex interdependencies across micro, meso, and macro governance levels, advancing governance theory for community-based non-formal education in developing country contexts.
Research Novelty/Contribution - This study provides the first comprehensive multi-level governance framework specifically tailored to community-based non-formal education in developing country contexts, synthesizing fragmented literature into a coherent theoretical model and offering evidence-based policy recommendations for strengthening inclusive lifelong learning ecosystems.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-02-15</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jone/article/view/41504</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/jone.v12i1.41504</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Journal of Nonformal Education; Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): Community empowerment and Adult education; 124-134</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2528-4541</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2442-532X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/jone.v12i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jone/article/view/41504/8958</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Dadang Yunus Lutfiansyah Dadang , Hanifah  Irnawati, Yanti  Shantini, Ihat  Hatimah, Aqeel  Khan (Author)</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>