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Content Validity: Air Pressure and Bounce Measurement Tool for Soft Tennis Balls

Journal of Physical Education and Sports · Vol. 15 No. 2 (2026) · hlm. 115–125

DOI
10.15294/jpes.v15i2.41248
ISSN
2502-4477, 2252-648X
Terbit
2026-07-06
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Bahasa
eng

Abstrak

This study was conducted to address the lack of objective and accurate measurement tools for assessing air pressure and ball bounce in soft tennis, which are crucial factors affecting game quality and fairness. Currently, ball inspection is often performed using subjective and manual methods, leading to inconsistent decisions by referees. The objective of this research was to develop and examine the content validity of an air pressure and ball bounce measuring instrument specifically designed for soft tennis balls. The study employed a research and development (R&D) approach using mixed methods. Content validity was evaluated through expert judgment involving three experts: a national soft tennis referee, a sports technologist, and an electronics expert. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 20 items rated on a five-point scale and analyzed using Aiken’s V formula. The results showed that all items achieved Aiken’s V values ranging from 0.83 to 1.00, indicating good to excellent content validity. The findings demonstrate that the developed instrument is valid, relevant, and suitable for measuring soft tennis ball quality. Importantly, the instrument has the potential to improve measurement accuracy, reduce referee subjectivity, and support standardized ball inspection procedures in soft tennis competitions

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  • State University of Semarang
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Mugiyo HartonoState University of Semarang3
Dwi Gansar Santi WijayantiState University of Semarang3
Mohamad AnnasState University of Semarang3
Wahyu Ragil KurniawanState University of Semarang3
Roas IrsyadaState University of Semarang3
Agus PujiantoState University of Semarang3
Donny Wira Yudha KusumaState University of Semarang3
Agus DarmawanState University of Semarang2
Harry PramonoState University of Semarang2
Ines Hayuning TyasState University of Semarang2
Bambang PriyonoState University of Semarang2
Dony Tirta HendriansyahState University of Semarang1
Gizalias Kusnanda Nurrafi'uState University of Semarang1
Suparmi SuparmiState University of Semarang1
Dina Firda MaulaState University of Semarang1
Muhamad ArifudinState University of Semarang1
Muhammad Budi WijayaState University of Semarang1
Moch Fahmi AbdulazizState University of Semarang1
Agung WahyudiState University of Semarang1
Firman EfendiState University of Semarang1
SupriyonoState University of Semarang1
Randy ChrisbinawanState University of Semarang1
Fery DarmantoState University of Semarang1
Ricko IrawanState University of Semarang1
Agus Budi RaharjoState University of Semarang1
Ananda Dewi Valentina MubinState University of Semarang1
Naila ElmunaState University of Semarang1
Dwi Tiga PutriState University of Semarang1
Feriska Amelia PutriState University of Semarang1
Rizki Anugrah SaputraAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Martin SudarmonoState University of Semarang1
Bhima Unggul ArdhiartoState University of Semarang1
Muhammad Zidan Ilman NafianState University of Semarang1
Syahnata Deningtyas PutriState University of Semarang1
Baltazar Rizal AchivuState University of Semarang1
Alam Tsabit ImaniState University of Semarang1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jpes/oai, pertama di-harvest 6 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Content Validity: Air Pressure and Bounce Measurement Tool for Soft Tennis Balls</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Irawan, Yoga</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Aji Putra, Ranu Baskora</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Pratama, Rivan Saghita</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Raharjo, Hermawan Pamot </dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Content validity</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">soft tenis</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">measuring instruments</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">air pressure</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">ball bounce</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">This study was conducted to address the lack of objective and accurate measurement tools for assessing air pressure and ball bounce in soft tennis, which are crucial factors affecting game quality and fairness. Currently, ball inspection is often performed using subjective and manual methods, leading to inconsistent decisions by referees. The objective of this research was to develop and examine the content validity of an air pressure and ball bounce measuring instrument specifically designed for soft tennis balls. The study employed a research and development (R&amp;amp;D) approach using mixed methods. Content validity was evaluated through expert judgment involving three experts: a national soft tennis referee, a sports technologist, and an electronics expert. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 20 items rated on a five-point scale and analyzed using Aiken’s V formula. The results showed that all items achieved Aiken’s V values ranging from 0.83 to 1.00, indicating good to excellent content validity. The findings demonstrate that the developed instrument is valid, relevant, and suitable for measuring soft tennis ball quality. Importantly, the instrument has the potential to improve measurement accuracy, reduce referee subjectivity, and support standardized ball inspection procedures in soft tennis competitions</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-07-06</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jpes/article/view/41248</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/jpes.v15i2.41248</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Journal of Physical Education and Sports; Vol. 15 No. 2 (2026): Juni 2026; 115-125</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2502-4477</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2252-648X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/jpes.v15i2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jpes/article/view/41248/10489</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physical Education and Sports</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>