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Vitamin D and Lifestyle Factors in Active Smoker in Indonesia

Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat · Vol. 21 No. 2 (2025) · hlm. 290–300

DOI
10.15294/kemas.v21i2.22618
ISSN
2355-3596, 1858-1196
Terbit
2025-10-03
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI Tingkat Pusat) and Jejaring Nasional Pendidikan Kesehatan (JNPK)
Bahasa
eng

Abstrak

Smoking can affect vitamin D levels in the blood. Decrease in vitamin D levels are also influenced by a person's lifestyle habits, such as smoking habits, sun exposure, food intake and physical activity. This study aimed to determine relationship between vitamin D with lifestyle factors in active smoker. This research used cross-sectional design. The subjects were adult male active smokers in Rungkut Subdistrict, Surabaya City, from October 2023 to February 2024. The sampling method was purposive sampling technique. Data collection by measurement of smoking severity (Brinkman Index (BI)), vitamin D levels in blood (serum 25(OH)D), food intake (by SQ-FFQ (semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire) and 24 hour food recall), and physical activity (by IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire)). The relationship using Spearman method (ordinal scale). There were 47 respondents. The majority of research respondents were moderate smokers, namely 38 people (80.85%). The respondents had an average 25(OH)D level of 23.19±8.86 ng/mL. The risk of vitamin D deficiency due to lack of sun exposure were 26 people (55.32%). The average consumption of foods containing vitamin D by SQ-FFQ was 5.75±5.68 mcg/day, and 24 hour food recall was 5.77±5.72 mcg/day. Most respondents had high physical activity (70.21%) and total mean was 8210.23±4955.89. The Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.742 (smoking severity), 0.117 (sun exposure), and 0.726 (food intake by FFQ), 0.742 (food intake by 24 hours recall), and 0.824 (physical activity). Vitamin D levels had significant association on severity smoking, food intake and physical activity. However, were not related to sun exposure.

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/kemas/oai, pertama di-harvest 6 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 6 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Vitamin D and Lifestyle Factors in Active Smoker in Indonesia</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Lorensia, Amelia</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Suryadinata, Rivan Virlando</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Jalmav, Marthy Meliana Ariyanti</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Aprianti, Pande Made Ayu</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Wati, Angela Nofvianti Cahyo</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Dhiba, Zahwa</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">vitamin D</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">lifestyle factors</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">smoker</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Smoking can affect vitamin D levels in the blood. Decrease in vitamin D levels are also influenced by a person's lifestyle habits, such as smoking habits, sun exposure, food intake and physical activity. This study aimed to determine relationship between vitamin D with lifestyle factors in active smoker. This research used cross-sectional design. The subjects were adult male active smokers in Rungkut Subdistrict, Surabaya City, from October 2023 to February 2024. The sampling method was purposive sampling technique. Data collection by measurement of smoking severity (Brinkman Index (BI)), vitamin D levels in blood (serum 25(OH)D), food intake (by SQ-FFQ (semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire) and 24 hour food recall), and physical activity (by IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire)). The relationship using Spearman method (ordinal scale). There were 47 respondents. The majority of research respondents were moderate smokers, namely 38 people (80.85%). The respondents had an average 25(OH)D level of 23.19±8.86 ng/mL. The risk of vitamin D deficiency due to lack of sun exposure were 26 people (55.32%). The average consumption of foods containing vitamin D by SQ-FFQ was 5.75±5.68 mcg/day, and 24 hour food recall was 5.77±5.72 mcg/day. Most respondents had high physical activity (70.21%) and total mean was 8210.23±4955.89. The Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.742 (smoking severity), 0.117 (sun exposure), and 0.726 (food intake by FFQ), 0.742 (food intake by 24 hours recall), and 0.824 (physical activity). Vitamin D levels had significant association on severity smoking, food intake and physical activity. However, were not related to sun exposure.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI Tingkat Pusat) and Jejaring Nasional Pendidikan Kesehatan (JNPK)</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/kemas/article/view/22618</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/kemas.v21i2.22618</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat; Vol. 21 No. 2 (2025); 290-300</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2355-3596</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1858-1196</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/kemas.v21i2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/kemas/article/view/22618/6282</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>