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Household Characteristics and Drinking Water Source in Rural Nigeria

Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat · Vol. 22 No. 1 (2026) · hlm. 57–66

DOI
10.15294/kemas.v22i1.36588
ISSN
2355-3596, 1858-1196
Terbit
2026-09-26
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI Tingkat Pusat) and Jejaring Nasional Pendidikan Kesehatan (JNPK)
Bahasa
eng

Abstrak

Access to safe drinking water remains a major public health concern in rural Nigeria, where household characteristics may influence the choice of drinking water sources. This study aimed to examine the determinants of improved versus unimproved drinking water sources among rural households using secondary data from the 2024 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). A total of 62,143 rural households were included in the analysis. Data were analyzed using STATA 17, employing univariate, bivariate, and multivariate approaches. The prevalence of improved drinking water use was 56.96 percent, while 43.04 percent of households relied on unimproved sources. Bivariate analysis showed significant associations between all household characteristics and water source choice (p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that female-headed households, higher educational attainment, and higher wealth status were strongly associated with reduced odds of using unimproved water. Conversely, Traditionalist religion, and lower socioeconomic status increased the likelihood of relying on unimproved sources. A small but significant effect was also observed for household size. These findings indicate that socioeconomic disparities, education, and gender dynamics substantially shape water access in rural Nigeria. Strengthening community water infrastructure, improving household socioeconomic conditions, and expanding targeted interventions may help increase access to safe drinking water. Future studies should include community-level factors and qualitative insights to capture broader determinants of water access.

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Hairil AkbarAfiliasi tidak diketahui8
Maretalinia MaretaliniaAfiliasi tidak diketahui7
Supriatin SupriatinAfiliasi tidak diketahui4
Adi Yeremia MamahitAfiliasi tidak diketahui4
Ade RahmawatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
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Linda SuwarniAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Sri NurcahyatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Novin YetianiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Sifriyani SifriyaniMulawarman University1
Ghina FadhillaMulawarman University1
Memi Nor HayatiMulawarman University1
Ineu SintiaMulawarman University1
Siti MahmudaMulawarman University1
Siti Fatimah KhairunnisaMulawarman University1
Mohamad SadliAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
MaretaliniaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/kemas/oai, pertama di-harvest 6 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Household Characteristics and Drinking Water Source in Rural Nigeria</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Dyah Suryani</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Suyitno, Suyitno</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Abubakar Yakubu Abbani</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Edwin, Vebby Amellia </dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Drinking water</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Household characteristics</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Nigeria</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Rural households</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Water access</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Access to safe drinking water remains a major public health concern in rural Nigeria, where household characteristics may influence the choice of drinking water sources. This study aimed to examine the determinants of improved versus unimproved drinking water sources among rural households using secondary data from the 2024 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). A total of 62,143 rural households were included in the analysis. Data were analyzed using STATA 17, employing univariate, bivariate, and multivariate approaches. The prevalence of improved drinking water use was 56.96 percent, while 43.04 percent of households relied on unimproved sources. Bivariate analysis showed significant associations between all household characteristics and water source choice (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that female-headed households, higher educational attainment, and higher wealth status were strongly associated with reduced odds of using unimproved water. Conversely, Traditionalist religion, and lower socioeconomic status increased the likelihood of relying on unimproved sources. A small but significant effect was also observed for household size. These findings indicate that socioeconomic disparities, education, and gender dynamics substantially shape water access in rural Nigeria. Strengthening community water infrastructure, improving household socioeconomic conditions, and expanding targeted interventions may help increase access to safe drinking water. Future studies should include community-level factors and qualitative insights to capture broader determinants of water access.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI Tingkat Pusat) and Jejaring Nasional Pendidikan Kesehatan (JNPK)</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-09-26</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/kemas/article/view/36588</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/kemas.v22i1.36588</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2026); 57 - 66</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2355-3596</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1858-1196</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/kemas.v22i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/kemas/article/view/36588/11510</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>