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Household Health Behaviors as Modifiable Risk Factors for Pneumonia Symptoms in Toddlers

Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat · Vol. 22 No. 1 (2026) · hlm. 112–122

DOI
10.15294/kemas.v22i1.45166
ISSN
2355-3596, 1858-1196
Terbit
2026-09-26
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI Tingkat Pusat) and Jejaring Nasional Pendidikan Kesehatan (JNPK)
Bahasa
eng

Abstrak

Pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age. Parental health-related behaviors, including smoking, handwashing with soap, and household ventilation, are potential modifiable risk factors. This cross-sectional study, conducted in 2024, examined the association between these behaviors and pneumonia incidence among children under five. Data were collected from children with and without pneumonia, and bivariate analysis was performed using Chi-square tests and Odds Ratio (OR) estimation. Results showed that parental smoking had an OR of 4.889 (p = 0.100), handwashing with soap before feeding an OR of 2.471 (p = 0.193), handwashing before eating an OR of 1.843 (p = 0.452), and handwashing after defecation or urination an OR of 3.159 (p = 0.297). Window opening and closing habits showed a protective tendency with an OR of 0.328 (p = 0.273). Although all p-values were >0.05, indicating no statistically significant associations, the OR magnitudes suggest a potential increased risk of pneumonia linked to unfavorable parental behaviors. These findings highlight the importance of promoting healthy household practices, including smoke-free environments, proper hand hygiene, and adequate ventilation, as essential strategies for preventing pneumonia in children.

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  • State University of Semarang
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Ari YuniastutiState University of Semarang10
Oktia Woro Kasmini HandayaniState University of Semarang7
Retno Sri IswariState University of Semarang6
Mahalul AzamAfiliasi tidak diketahui6
Intan ZainafreeAfiliasi tidak diketahui5
Dina Nur Anggraini NingrumAfiliasi tidak diketahui5
Siti Harnina BintariAfiliasi tidak diketahui4
Nur SiyamAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Wulan ChristijantiAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Aditya MariantiAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Evi WidowatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Arum SiwiendrayantiState University of Semarang3
Irwan BudionoAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Tandiyo RahayuAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Margareta RahayuningsihAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Adinda Mayhana PramestiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Nugrahaningsih WHAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Wiwi IsnaeniState University of Semarang2
Priyantini WidiyaningrumAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Wandah WibawantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Natalia Desy PutriningtyasAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Ani RusilowatiState University of Semarang2
Didik Huswo UtomoAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Russiska RussiskaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Hanif Pandu SuhitoAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Enni Suwarsi RahayuState University of Semarang2
Lili Astuti IsnaeniAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Sri Ratna RahayuAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Casmuti CasmutiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Widya Hari CahyatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
‪Eram Tunggul Pawenang‬State University of Semarang2
Lukman FauziAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Alfiana Ainun NisaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Annisa PramitasariAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Imam SubhiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Dyah Rini IndriyantiState University of Semarang2

Afiliasi berasal dari OpenAlex; metadata OAI-PMH jurnal tidak memuatnya. Penulis tanpa ID OpenAlex dicocokkan berdasarkan nama, sehingga dua orang bisa tergabung atau satu orang bisa terpisah.

Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/kemas/oai, pertama di-harvest 6 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 6 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Household Health Behaviors as Modifiable Risk Factors for Pneumonia Symptoms in Toddlers</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Wardono, Hari</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Susanti, R</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Wijayanti, Yuni</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Cahyati, Widya Hary</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Pneumonia</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">toddlers</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">parental behavior</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">smoking</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">hand washing soap (CTPS)</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">home ventilation</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age. Parental health-related behaviors, including smoking, handwashing with soap, and household ventilation, are potential modifiable risk factors. This cross-sectional study, conducted in 2024, examined the association between these behaviors and pneumonia incidence among children under five. Data were collected from children with and without pneumonia, and bivariate analysis was performed using Chi-square tests and Odds Ratio (OR) estimation. Results showed that parental smoking had an OR of 4.889 (p = 0.100), handwashing with soap before feeding an OR of 2.471 (p = 0.193), handwashing before eating an OR of 1.843 (p = 0.452), and handwashing after defecation or urination an OR of 3.159 (p = 0.297). Window opening and closing habits showed a protective tendency with an OR of 0.328 (p = 0.273). Although all p-values were &amp;gt;0.05, indicating no statistically significant associations, the OR magnitudes suggest a potential increased risk of pneumonia linked to unfavorable parental behaviors. These findings highlight the importance of promoting healthy household practices, including smoke-free environments, proper hand hygiene, and adequate ventilation, as essential strategies for preventing pneumonia in children.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI Tingkat Pusat) and Jejaring Nasional Pendidikan Kesehatan (JNPK)</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-09-26</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/kemas/article/view/45166</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/kemas.v22i1.45166</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2026); 112 - 122</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2355-3596</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1858-1196</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/kemas.v22i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/kemas/article/view/45166/11518</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>