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Breakfast on Cognitive Function and Academic Performance in Adolescents

Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat · Vol. 22 No. 1 (2026) · hlm. 151–162

DOI
10.15294/kemas.v22i1.46125
ISSN
2355-3596, 1858-1196
Terbit
2026-09-26
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI Tingkat Pusat) and Jejaring Nasional Pendidikan Kesehatan (JNPK)
Bahasa
eng

Abstrak

A regular breakfast contributing approximately 15–30% of total daily energy requirements is essential for adolescent health and cognitive development, including concentration, memory, and mood, which may ultimately enhance learning achievement. This study aimed to examine the effect of breakfast consumption on cognitive function and academic performance among adolescents. A quasi-experimental design was conducted among students from SMPN 1 Ciomas as the intervention group and SMPN 2 Ciomas as the control group, involving 69 participants in each group. The intervention group received a standardized breakfast consisting of rice, balado eggs, fried tofu, stir-fried water spinach, and water, providing 20.2% of daily energy requirements. Breakfast energy intake in the control group was assessed using a food record method. Cognitive function and academic performance were evaluated using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) and subject-based assessments in reading comprehension and basic mathematics. The intervention group demonstrated significantly higher blood glucose levels compared with the control group (95.5 ± 9.8 mg/dL vs. 74.8 ± 7.0 mg/dL; p<0.001). Mean cognitive function scores were also significantly higher in the intervention group (62.2 ± 13.8) than in the control group (48.7 ± 13.8; p<0.001). Similarly, academic performance in reading comprehension (75.9 ± 16.7) and basic mathematics (70.9 ± 20.2) was significantly better than that of the control group (68.1 ± 20.4 and 50.0 ± 23.0 respectively; p<0.001). Overall cognitive function scores were also higher in the intervention group (73.4 ± 15.9) compared with the control group (59.0 ± 19.5). These findings indicate that breakfast with appropriate quality and quantity significantly improves blood glucose levels, cognitive function, and academic performance among adolescents.

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  • IPB University
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Damelya Patricksia DampangIPB University2
Tjut RifameutiaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Lucia R.M. RoyantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

Afiliasi berasal dari OpenAlex; metadata OAI-PMH jurnal tidak memuatnya. Penulis tanpa ID OpenAlex dicocokkan berdasarkan nama, sehingga dua orang bisa tergabung atau satu orang bisa terpisah.

Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/kemas/oai, pertama di-harvest 6 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 6 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Breakfast on Cognitive Function and Academic Performance in Adolescents</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Lilik Kustiyah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Cesilia Meti Dwiriani</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Neti Hernawati</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Muh Guntur Sunarjono Putra</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Lorita Amanda Sardi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Destio Dwiyan Fahrizki</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Academic Performance</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Adolescents</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Breakfast</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Cognitive Function</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Food Consumption</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">A regular breakfast contributing approximately 15–30% of total daily energy requirements is essential for adolescent health and cognitive development, including concentration, memory, and mood, which may ultimately enhance learning achievement. This study aimed to examine the effect of breakfast consumption on cognitive function and academic performance among adolescents. A quasi-experimental design was conducted among students from SMPN 1 Ciomas as the intervention group and SMPN 2 Ciomas as the control group, involving 69 participants in each group. The intervention group received a standardized breakfast consisting of rice, balado eggs, fried tofu, stir-fried water spinach, and water, providing 20.2% of daily energy requirements. Breakfast energy intake in the control group was assessed using a food record method. Cognitive function and academic performance were evaluated using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) and subject-based assessments in reading comprehension and basic mathematics. The intervention group demonstrated significantly higher blood glucose levels compared with the control group (95.5 ± 9.8 mg/dL vs. 74.8 ± 7.0 mg/dL; p&amp;lt;0.001). Mean cognitive function scores were also significantly higher in the intervention group (62.2 ± 13.8) than in the control group (48.7 ± 13.8; p&amp;lt;0.001). Similarly, academic performance in reading comprehension (75.9 ± 16.7) and basic mathematics (70.9 ± 20.2) was significantly better than that of the control group (68.1 ± 20.4 and 50.0 ± 23.0 respectively; p&amp;lt;0.001). Overall cognitive function scores were also higher in the intervention group (73.4 ± 15.9) compared with the control group (59.0 ± 19.5). These findings indicate that breakfast with appropriate quality and quantity significantly improves blood glucose levels, cognitive function, and academic performance among adolescents.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI Tingkat Pusat) and Jejaring Nasional Pendidikan Kesehatan (JNPK)</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-09-26</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/kemas/article/view/46125</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/kemas.v22i1.46125</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2026); 151 - 162</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2355-3596</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1858-1196</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/kemas.v22i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/kemas/article/view/46125/11524</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>