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Corporations and Environmental Crimes: A Legal Analysis of Criminal Liability in Indonesia

Semarang State University Undergraduate Law and Society Review · Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025) · hlm. 1405–1433

DOI
10.15294/lsr.v5i2.25691
ISSN
2807-8683, 2807-8225
Terbit
2025-07-21
Penerbit
Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang
Bahasa
eng

Abstrak

Environmental damage caused by corporations in Indonesia poses a serious threat to ecological sustainability and community welfare. This paper aims to analyze the legal framework and implementation of corporate criminal liability in environmental crimes. The main issue discussed is the ineffectiveness of law enforcement in holding corporations accountable despite their significant role in causing environmental damage. Using a normative juridical method, this research examines laws, doctrines, court decisions, and relevant legal literature. This study identifies several legal theories used to establish corporate liability, including the theory of identification, strict liability, and vicarious liability. The research findings reveal that although the Indonesian legal system, particularly Law No. 32 of 2009 and the new Criminal Code (Law No. 1 of 2023), recognizes corporations as criminal law subjects, their practical enforcement remains weak. The main challenges include corporate structural complexity, difficulties in proving mens rea, regulatory ambiguity, and political or economic influences. This study concludes that more effective enforcement mechanisms are needed, involving not only criminal sanctions but also remedial actions such as environmental restoration and corporate accountability. Strengthening institutional capacity, inter-agency coordination, and public participation are crucial steps toward improving environmental justice. This research underscores the urgency of comprehensive legal reform to ensure that corporations can be held criminally liable and contribute to sustainable environmental governance.

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  • State University of Semarang
  • Novena University
  • Padjadjaran University
  • National Defence University of Malaysia
  • Dhofar University
  • Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
  • University of New England
  • Afiliasi tidak diketahui
  • Organisasi berbeda
  • Organisasi sama
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Anis WidyawatiState University of Semarang8
Riska AlkadriState University of Semarang7
Nadiyah Meyliana PutriState University of Semarang6
Rasdi RasdiState University of Semarang6
Waspiah WaspiahState University of Semarang6
Indah Sri UtariState University of Semarang6
Nurul FibriantiState University of Semarang5
Ali MasyharState University of Semarang5
Septhian Eka AdiyatmaState University of Semarang5
Bayangsari WedhatamiState University of Semarang5
Ngboawaji Daniel NteNovena University5
Muhammad Iqbal BaiquniState University of Semarang5
Riki JuliantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui5
Dian LatifianiState University of Semarang5
Muhammad Wahyu Saiful HudaState University of Semarang4
Syaiful AminState University of Semarang3
R. Benny RiyantoState University of Semarang3
Layla Putri AulyaState University of Semarang3
Asyaffa Ridzqi AmandhaState University of Semarang3
Rodiyah RodiyahState University of Semarang3
Fadhel Arjuna AdindaPadjadjaran University3
Ngaboawaji Daniel NteNovena University3
Zaharuddin Sani Ahmah SabriNational Defence University of Malaysia3
Souad Ahmed EzzeroualiDhofar University3
Valerio SebastianUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona2
Jeremy Zefanya Yaka ArvanteState University of Semarang2
Maulana Fuad NugrahaState University of Semarang2
Ahmad Zaharuddin Sani Ahmad SabriAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Robert Brian SmithUniversity of New England2
Zahra Zara MahasinAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Firqotun NaziahState University of Semarang2
Ubaidillah KamalState University of Semarang2
Adiguna Bagas Waskito AjiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Puji WiyatnoState University of Semarang2
Chusnul Qotimah Nita PermataState University of Semarang2
Heni RosidaState University of Semarang2
Rastini RastiniState University of Semarang2
Jaka Bangkit SanjayaState University of Semarang2

Afiliasi berasal dari OpenAlex; metadata OAI-PMH jurnal tidak memuatnya. Penulis tanpa ID OpenAlex dicocokkan berdasarkan nama, sehingga dua orang bisa tergabung atau satu orang bisa terpisah.

Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/lsr/oai, pertama di-harvest 6 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Corporations and Environmental Crimes: A Legal Analysis of Criminal Liability in Indonesia</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Agustinus, Akwila</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Arifin, Ridwan</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Corporations, Environmental Crime, Law No. 32 of 2009.</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Environmental damage caused by corporations in Indonesia poses a serious threat to ecological sustainability and community welfare. This paper aims to analyze the legal framework and implementation of corporate criminal liability in environmental crimes. The main issue discussed is the ineffectiveness of law enforcement in holding corporations accountable despite their significant role in causing environmental damage. Using a normative juridical method, this research examines laws, doctrines, court decisions, and relevant legal literature. This study identifies several legal theories used to establish corporate liability, including the theory of identification, strict liability, and vicarious liability. The research findings reveal that although the Indonesian legal system, particularly Law No. 32 of 2009 and the new Criminal Code (Law No. 1 of 2023), recognizes corporations as criminal law subjects, their practical enforcement remains weak. The main challenges include corporate structural complexity, difficulties in proving mens rea, regulatory ambiguity, and political or economic influences. This study concludes that more effective enforcement mechanisms are needed, involving not only criminal sanctions but also remedial actions such as environmental restoration and corporate accountability. Strengthening institutional capacity, inter-agency coordination, and public participation are crucial steps toward improving environmental justice. This research underscores the urgency of comprehensive legal reform to ensure that corporations can be held criminally liable and contribute to sustainable environmental governance.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-07-21</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/lsr/article/view/25691</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/lsr.v5i2.25691</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Semarang State University Undergraduate Law and Society Review; Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): July-December, 2025; 1405-1433</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2807-8683</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2807-8225</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/lsr.v5i2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/lsr/article/view/25691/5148</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Semarang State University Undergraduate Law and Society Review</dc:rights>
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