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The Effects of Altitude Training on Blood Components and Performance of Elite Rowing Athletes: Systematic Literature Review

ACTIVE: Journal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation · Vol. 14 No. 3 (2025) · hlm. 827–832

DOI
10.15294/active.v14i3.34066
ISSN
2460-724X, 2252-6773
Terbit
2025-10-31
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Bahasa
eng

Abstrak

Rowing athlete performance is greatly influenced by aerobic capacity, explosive strength, and precise technical coordination. One strategy widely used to support performance improvement is altitude training, namely training in hypoxic conditions through the Live High-Train Low (LHTL), Live High-Train High (LHTH), and Intermittent Hypoxic Training (IHT) methods. Hypoxic exposure is believed to stimulate an increase in erythropoietin (EPO), which in turn increases hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), and total hemoglobin mass (Hbmass), thereby optimizing the body's oxygen transport capacity. This study aims to systematically examine the effect of altitude training on blood components and the performance of elite rowing athletes. The study was conducted using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach based on the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Data sources were obtained through the Publish or Perish tool with a publication year range of 2015–2025, and inclusion criteria focused on Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) studies examining the effects of altitude training on elite rowing athletes. The results of the analysis showed that the LHTL method with a duration of 3–4 weeks and hypoxic exposure of ≥12 hours per day provided a significant increase in Hb, Hct, Hbmass, as well as aerobic capacity such as VO₂max and peak power output. However, there are variations in individual responses between "responders" and "non-responders," as well as differences in study design that cause the results to be inconsistent. Factors such as training intensity, initial fitness status, and nutritional support also influence the effectiveness of the intervention. Therefore, it can be concluded that altitude training has the potential to be an effective strategy to improve the performance of rowing athletes through hematological and physiological adaptations, with LHTL as the most promising method. This research is expected to provide theoretical contributions to the development of sports coaching science as well as practical recommendations for coaches and federations in developing evidence-based training programs.

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  • Indonesia University of Education
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
MulyanaAfiliasi tidak diketahui5
Gafur Ammar SantosoIndonesia University of Education4
Angga M SyahidIndonesia University of Education4
Iwa Ikhwan HidayatIndonesia University of Education3
Iman ImanudinIndonesia University of Education2
Tono HaryonoIndonesia University of Education2
Yudi NurcahyaIndonesia University of Education2
Nida'ul HidayahAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Tian KurniawanIndonesia University of Education2
KomarudinIndonesia University of Education1
Mona Fiametta FebriantyIndonesia University of Education1
Yusuf HidayatIndonesia University of Education1
Wildhan Rahmadian SofyanIndonesia University of Education1
Nurjanah JayantiIndonesia University of Education1
Muhamad Farhan PratamaIndonesia University of Education1
Maharani Sekar LangitIndonesia University of Education1
- Febrian Yusran SaputraIndonesia University of Education1
Syahrul Ghazi ParasutamaIndonesia University of Education1
I Puti Bayu Ardhya SatrioIndonesia University of Education1
Nina SutresnaIndonesia University of Education1
Adiputra WijaksanaIndonesia University of Education1
Widi KusumahIndonesia University of Education1
Nawang Wulan FebrianiIndonesia University of Education1
Nur Rika HasanahIndonesia University of Education1
Syam HardwisIndonesia University of Education1
Dikdik Zafar SidikIndonesia University of Education1
Sendi CorneliaIndonesia University of Education1
Mustika FitriIndonesia University of Education1
Muhamad Rifki Farid FauziIndonesia University of Education1
MulyanaIndonesia University of Education1
Moh Gerry PaturohmanIndonesia University of Education1
Yadi SunaryadiIndonesia University of Education1
Fajar Permana AnwarIndonesia University of Education1
Irfan AprilianaIndonesia University of Education1
Mahendra YanuarsyahIndonesia University of Education1
Rd. Muhammad Mulky Al HakimIndonesia University of Education1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/peshr/oai, pertama di-harvest 6 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">The Effects of Altitude Training on Blood Components and Performance of Elite Rowing Athletes: Systematic Literature Review</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Rifqi Harits Taufiqurahman</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Dede Rohmat Nurjaya</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Pipit Pitriani</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Agus Rusdiana</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Altitude Training; Hematocrit; Hemoglobin; Athlete Performance, Rowing; Systematic Literature</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Rowing athlete performance is greatly influenced by aerobic capacity, explosive strength, and precise technical coordination. One strategy widely used to support performance improvement is altitude training, namely training in hypoxic conditions through the Live High-Train Low (LHTL), Live High-Train High (LHTH), and Intermittent Hypoxic Training (IHT) methods. Hypoxic exposure is believed to stimulate an increase in erythropoietin (EPO), which in turn increases hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), and total hemoglobin mass (Hbmass), thereby optimizing the body's oxygen transport capacity. This study aims to systematically examine the effect of altitude training on blood components and the performance of elite rowing athletes. The study was conducted using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach based on the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Data sources were obtained through the Publish or Perish tool with a publication year range of 2015–2025, and inclusion criteria focused on Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) studies examining the effects of altitude training on elite rowing athletes. The results of the analysis showed that the LHTL method with a duration of 3–4 weeks and hypoxic exposure of ≥12 hours per day provided a significant increase in Hb, Hct, Hbmass, as well as aerobic capacity such as VO₂max and peak power output. However, there are variations in individual responses between "responders" and "non-responders," as well as differences in study design that cause the results to be inconsistent. Factors such as training intensity, initial fitness status, and nutritional support also influence the effectiveness of the intervention. Therefore, it can be concluded that altitude training has the potential to be an effective strategy to improve the performance of rowing athletes through hematological and physiological adaptations, with LHTL as the most promising method. This research is expected to provide theoretical contributions to the development of sports coaching science as well as practical recommendations for coaches and federations in developing evidence-based training programs.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/peshr/article/view/34066</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/active.v14i3.34066</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">ACTIVE: Journal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation; Vol. 14 No. 3 (2025); 827 - 832</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2460-724X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2252-6773</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/active.v14i3</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/peshr/article/view/34066/6514</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 ACTIVE: Journal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation</dc:rights>
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