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Performance Test of Methylene Blue Degradation Using TiO₂–Graphene Oxide Composite Synthesised from Coconut Shells

Rekayasa · Vol. 23 No. 1 (2025) · hlm. 17–29

DOI
10.15294/rekayasa.v23i1.32529
ISSN
2527-6964, 0216-6631
Terbit
2025-07-31
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Bahasa
eng

Abstrak

Industry produces textile liquid waste which contains dangerous compounds such as methylene blue which can damage the environment. One effective method to overcome this problem is to use a TiO2 nanocomposite-based photocatalyst modified with Graphene Oxide (GO). GO is obtained from the synthesis of coconut shells, which is a biomass waste. This research aims to synthesize and display the performance of a TiO2/Graphene Oxide composite photocatalyst from coconut shells in degrading methylene blue. The TiO2/Graphene oxide nanocomposite synthesis method begins by carbonizing coconut shells to form graphite. Carbonization removes volatile compounds and produces a rich carbon structure, which is the initial requirement for the formation of GO. Synthesis of GO from graphite using the Hummer method. Synthesis of TiO2/Graphene oxide composite using a solvothermal process with various GO mass ratios. The performance of the photocatalyst was tested for degradation using methylene blue. Analysis of the TiO2/Graphene Oxide Composite using XRD, FTIR, SEM, BET characterisation and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The results show that at GO of 15%, the composite showed the highest surface area and optimal anatase crystallinity, resulting in the best degradation efficiency (70%). Graphene Oxide is synthesized from coconut shell biomass waste. This research shows that the TiO₂–Graphene Oxide composite has high efficiency in degrading dangerous synthetic dyes from textile industry wastewater through an efficient photocatalytic mechanism. This composite application is an application of technology that contributes directly to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 6 (Clean Water and Adequate Sanitation), through the development of sustainable, efficient and environmentally friendly waste processing technology.

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  • Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia
  • Universitas Airlangga
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
M Mahbubur RahmanAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Mazhibayev AssylzhanAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Khairulazhar JumbriAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Chun-Chen YangAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Zhong Tao JiangAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
EvelynAtma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia2
ChairulAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Dhina FebryzaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Hussein A. MiranAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Raihan Daffansyah SinagaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Yayan SetiawanAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
M Iwan FermiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Khusnul AinUniversitas Airlangga2
SunarnoAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Yola Bertilsya HendriAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Yoyok Dwi Setyo PambudiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Kambarova ElmiraAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Danil YoselinoAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
NabelliaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Agustina DumariaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Khairati AmilaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
KomalasariAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Maria Peratenta SembiringAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
YusnimarAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Azka AmanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Suci RahmadahanaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Yusnimar SahanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Sri Wahdini RahmiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Syamsu HermanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
KhairatAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Hiroshi OhiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Sunarno SunarnoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Mawaddah MawaddahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Alfatlian AlfatlianAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/rekayasa/oai, pertama di-harvest 6 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Performance Test of Methylene Blue Degradation Using TiO₂–Graphene Oxide Composite Synthesised from Coconut Shells</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Heltina, Desi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Fesya Putri, Andini</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Fauziyah, Hidayatul</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Peratenta Sembiring, Maria </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Amri, Amun</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Tao Jiang, Zhong</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">dangerous compounds</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">environment</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">photodegradation</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">processing technology</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">textile liquid</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Industry produces textile liquid waste which contains dangerous compounds such as methylene blue which can damage the environment. One effective method to overcome this problem is to use a TiO2 nanocomposite-based photocatalyst modified with Graphene Oxide (GO). GO is obtained from the synthesis of coconut shells, which is a biomass waste. This research aims to synthesize and display the performance of a TiO2/Graphene Oxide composite photocatalyst from coconut shells in degrading methylene blue. The TiO2/Graphene oxide nanocomposite synthesis method begins by carbonizing coconut shells to form graphite. Carbonization removes volatile compounds and produces a rich carbon structure, which is the initial requirement for the formation of GO. Synthesis of GO from graphite using the Hummer method. Synthesis of TiO2/Graphene oxide composite using a solvothermal process with various GO mass ratios. The performance of the photocatalyst was tested for degradation using methylene blue. Analysis of the TiO2/Graphene Oxide Composite using XRD, FTIR, SEM, BET characterisation and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The results show that at GO of 15%, the composite showed the highest surface area and optimal anatase crystallinity, resulting in the best degradation efficiency (70%). Graphene Oxide is synthesized from coconut shell biomass waste. This research shows that the TiO₂–Graphene Oxide composite has high efficiency in degrading dangerous synthetic dyes from textile industry wastewater through an efficient photocatalytic mechanism. This composite application is an application of technology that contributes directly to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 6 (Clean Water and Adequate Sanitation), through the development of sustainable, efficient and environmentally friendly waste processing technology.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/rekayasa/article/view/32529</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/rekayasa.v23i1.32529</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Rekayasa; Vol. 23 No. 1 (2025); 17-29</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2527-6964</dc:source>
	<dc:source>0216-6631</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/rekayasa.v23i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/rekayasa/article/view/32529/6355</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Rekayasa</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>