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Comparison of Nanoemulsions and Conservation as a Biopesticide Encapsulation Strategy from Fermentation and Extraction: Review

Rekayasa · Vol. 23 No. 2 (2025) · hlm. 105–120

DOI
10.15294/rekayasa.v23i2.42739
ISSN
2527-6964, 0216-6631
Terbit
2025-12-31
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Bahasa
eng

Abstrak

The increasing demand for sustainable agriculture has accelerated the development of biopesticides as environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides. However, their application remains constrained by poor stability, low solubility, rapid degradation, and inconsistent field performance. This review aims to evaluate the relationship between bioactive compound production methods and appropriate encapsulation techniques, focusing on fermentation- and extraction-derived biopesticides. A comparative analysis of recent literature was conducted to assess the compatibility of fermentation and extraction processes with coacervation and nanoemulsion encapsulation technologies. The analysis shows that fermentation-derived bioactive compounds, including microbial spores and protein toxins, are best protected through coacervation, which enhances environmental stability and enables controlled release. Conversely, extraction-derived bioactive compounds, such as essential oils, terpenoids, and phenolics, are more effectively formulated using nanoemulsions, improving solubility, dispersion, bioavailability, and biological efficacy while reducing application rates. Matching bioactive production methods with suitable encapsulation strategies significantly enhances formulation stability, active ingredient delivery, and pest control performance. This integrated approach provides a practical framework for developing effective, stable, and commercially viable biopesticides to support sustainable agricultural systems. This review, based on a comparative analysis of recent studies, highlights that fermentation-derived bioactives are more compatible with coacervation systems, whereas extraction-derived bioactives are better suited for nanoemulsion formulations. The findings emphasise that aligning the characteristics of bioactive sources with suitable encapsulation techniques is crucial for improving stability, active ingredient loading, and pest control performance. This integrated approach provides a strategic framework for designing effective, stable, and commercially viable biopesticide formulations that support sustainable agriculture.

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25 penulis · 73 tautan kepenulisan bersama · 7 lintas organisasi

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  • State University of Semarang
  • Universitas Gadjah Mada
  • SEGi University
  • Organisasi berbeda
  • Organisasi sama
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Zuhriyan Ash Shiddieqy BahlawanState University of Semarang3
Siti Amalliah Sri AdiningsihState University of Semarang1
Ahmad Nur RosyidState University of Semarang1
Bening Aura DewiState University of Semarang1
Amnan HarisState University of Semarang1
Megawati MegawatiState University of Semarang1
Maulida ZakiaState University of Semarang1
Irene Nindita PradnyaState University of Semarang1
Indrasukma PermanadewiState University of Semarang1
Hanif ArdhiansyahState University of Semarang1
Serlia Fitri SadanState University of Semarang1
Nurul KhusnaState University of Semarang1
Karenina HakimState University of Semarang1
Wahyudi Budi SediawanUniversitas Gadjah Mada1
Sarto SartoUniversitas Gadjah Mada1
Megawati MegawatiState University of Semarang1
Haniif PrasetiawanState University of Semarang1
Bayu TriwibowoState University of Semarang1
Radenrara Dewi Artanti PutriState University of Semarang1

Afiliasi berasal dari OpenAlex; metadata OAI-PMH jurnal tidak memuatnya. Penulis tanpa ID OpenAlex dicocokkan berdasarkan nama, sehingga dua orang bisa tergabung atau satu orang bisa terpisah.

Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/rekayasa/oai, pertama di-harvest 6 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Comparison of Nanoemulsions and Conservation as a Biopesticide Encapsulation Strategy from Fermentation and Extraction: Review</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Damayanti, Astrilia</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Wijayanti, Widya Sari Kusuma</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Ardana, Grandis Belva</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Sari, Fera Utnita</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Prananda, Muhamad Reihan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Siva, Sangeetaprivya P.</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Agriculture</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Bioactive Compounds</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Coacervation</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Essential Oils</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Microbial Metabolites</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">The increasing demand for sustainable agriculture has accelerated the development of biopesticides as environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides. However, their application remains constrained by poor stability, low solubility, rapid degradation, and inconsistent field performance. This review aims to evaluate the relationship between bioactive compound production methods and appropriate encapsulation techniques, focusing on fermentation- and extraction-derived biopesticides. A comparative analysis of recent literature was conducted to assess the compatibility of fermentation and extraction processes with coacervation and nanoemulsion encapsulation technologies. The analysis shows that fermentation-derived bioactive compounds, including microbial spores and protein toxins, are best protected through coacervation, which enhances environmental stability and enables controlled release. Conversely, extraction-derived bioactive compounds, such as essential oils, terpenoids, and phenolics, are more effectively formulated using nanoemulsions, improving solubility, dispersion, bioavailability, and biological efficacy while reducing application rates. Matching bioactive production methods with suitable encapsulation strategies significantly enhances formulation stability, active ingredient delivery, and pest control performance. This integrated approach provides a practical framework for developing effective, stable, and commercially viable biopesticides to support sustainable agricultural systems. This review, based on a comparative analysis of recent studies, highlights that fermentation-derived bioactives are more compatible with coacervation systems, whereas extraction-derived bioactives are better suited for nanoemulsion formulations. The findings emphasise that aligning the characteristics of bioactive sources with suitable encapsulation techniques is crucial for improving stability, active ingredient loading, and pest control performance. This integrated approach provides a strategic framework for designing effective, stable, and commercially viable biopesticide formulations that support sustainable agriculture.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/rekayasa/article/view/42739</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/rekayasa.v23i2.42739</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Rekayasa; Vol. 23 No. 2 (2025); 105-120</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2527-6964</dc:source>
	<dc:source>0216-6631</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/rekayasa.v23i2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/rekayasa/article/view/42739/10848</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Rekayasa</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>