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A new method for watermarking color images using virtual hiding and El-Gamal ciphering

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) · Vol. 11 No. 6 (2021)

DOI
10.11591/ijece.v11i6.pp5251-5258
ISSN
2722-2578, 2088-8708
Published
2021-12-01
Publisher
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

One of the important issues in the era of computer networks and multimedia technology development is to find ways to maintain the reliability, credibility, copyright and non-duplication of digital content transmitted over the internet. For the purpose of protecting images from illegal usage, a watermark is used. A hidden digital watermark is the process of concealing information on a host to prove that this image is owned by a specific person or organization. In this paper, a new method has been proposed to use an RGB logo to protect color images from unlicensed trading. The method depends on retrieving logo data from specific locations in the host to form a logo when the owner claims the rights to those images. These positions are chosen because their pixels match the logo data. The locations of matching pixels are stored in a table that goes through two stages of treatment to ensure confidentiality: First, table compression, second, encoding positions in the compressed table through El-Gamal algorithm. Because the method depends on the idea of keeping host pixels without change, PSNR will always be infinity. After subjecting the host to five types of attack, the results demonstrate that the method can effectively protect the image and hidden logo is retrieved clearly even after the attacks.

Collaboration network of the authors

8 authors · 11 co-authorship links · 3 across different organisations

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • University of Babylon
  • National Chung Cheng University
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Elaf Ali AbboodNational Chung Cheng University2
Shaymaa AbdulkadhmNational Chung Cheng University1
Hussein Attya LaftaUniversity of Babylon1
Zainab Falah HasanUniversity of Babylon1
Jinan Ali AbedUniversity of Babylon1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

This record comes from Crossref (what the publisher deposited), because the journal's own OAI-PMH endpoint could not be harvested.

Metadata source: Crossref API (cadangan, berdasarkan ISSN) https://api.crossref.org/journals/2088-8708/works, first harvested 27 Okt 2026, last seen 1 Nov 2026.
Metadata as oai_dc, converted from Crossref
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