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Spatio-Temporal Dynamics and the Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on the Crude Incidence Rate of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in South Sulawesi (2020-2023)

Unnes Journal of Public Health · Vol. 15 No. 2 (2026) · hlm. 174–186

DOI
10.15294/ujph.v15i2.35025
ISSN
2548-7604, 2252-6781
Terbit
2026-09-30
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) in cooperation with the Association of Indonesian Public Health Experts (Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI))
Bahasa
eng

Abstrak

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) is a major public health problem in Indonesia. In South Sulawesi, the Crude Incidence Rate (CIR) exhibits substantial variation across district and cities, potentially reflecting underlying socioeconomic heterogeneity. This study analyzed the spatio-temporal distribution of type 2 DM CIR from 2020 to 2023 and examined its socioeconomic determinants. An ecological panel study was conducted using secondary data on type 2 DM CIR and ten socioeconomic indicators across all 24 districts and cities in South Sulawesi Province. Spatio-temporal relationships were examined using Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR), complemented by descriptive and spatial statistical analyses. The CIR increased significantly from 2020 to 2023, with Palopo City recording the highest burden. Global Moran’s I showed no significant spatial autocorrelation. Mean Years of Schooling (r = 0.740–0.789), Open Unemployment Rate (r = 0.644–0.693), Human Development Index (r = 0.682–0.749), and Per Capita Expenditure (r = 0.542–0.612; p < 0.01) were consistently significant predictors. GTWR confirmed their spatio-temporal influence across districts and cities in South Sulawesi. Socioeconomic factors significantly shape the spatio-temporal variation of type 2 DM burden in South Sulawesi, highlighting the need for targeted community-based interventions and inclusive socioeconomic policies to reduce disease burden.

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  • Hasanuddin University
  • IPB University
  • BPJS Kesehatan
  • National Research and Innovation Agency
  • Universitas Sulawesi Barat
  • The University of Sydney
  • Afiliasi tidak diketahui
  • Organisasi berbeda
  • Organisasi sama
  • Afiliasi tidak diketahui
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Anna IslamiyatiHasanuddin University1
Anisa KalondengHasanuddin University1
Muhammad FadilAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Andi M. Alfin BasoHasanuddin University1
A. Elisha WulandariAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Belia Nurul FajriAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Abdullah PannuIPB University1
Alfian Akbar VallarinoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nurul Magfirah SukriIPB University1
Jennyta Dhewi Darmansyah TanjungHasanuddin University1
Ambeng AmbengHasanuddin University1
Muhammad Al AnshariIPB University1
Zarlina ZainuddinNational Research and Innovation Agency1
Ilham IlhamIPB University1
Sumarheni SumarheniThe University of Sydney1
Nur Hilal A. SyahrirUniversitas Sulawesi Barat1
Supri Bin Hj AmirHasanuddin University1
Prihantono PrihantonoHasanuddin University1
Akhtar Fajar MuzakkirHasanuddin University1
Aussie Fitriani GhaznawieHasanuddin University1
Fathlina FathlinaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Ali Aspar MappahyaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Abdul Hakim AlkatiriAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ujph/oai, pertama di-harvest 6 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Spatio-Temporal Dynamics and the Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on the Crude Incidence Rate of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in South Sulawesi (2020-2023)</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Kuswanto, Hedi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Andi Alfian Zainuddin</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Ainan Raena Nas</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Nurul Qalby</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Zakiah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Halik Malik</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Dedy Setyawan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Anugrah Nur Isnaeni Rahman</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">type 2 diabetes mellitus; crude incidence rate; socioeconomic factors; spatio-temporal</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) is a major public health problem in Indonesia. In South Sulawesi, the Crude Incidence Rate (CIR) exhibits substantial variation across district and cities, potentially reflecting underlying socioeconomic heterogeneity. This study analyzed the spatio-temporal distribution of type 2 DM CIR from 2020 to 2023 and examined its socioeconomic determinants. An ecological panel study was conducted using secondary data on type 2 DM CIR and ten socioeconomic indicators across all 24 districts and cities in South Sulawesi Province. Spatio-temporal relationships were examined using Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR), complemented by descriptive and spatial statistical analyses. The CIR increased significantly from 2020 to 2023, with Palopo City recording the highest burden. Global Moran’s I showed no significant spatial autocorrelation. Mean Years of Schooling (r = 0.740–0.789), Open Unemployment Rate (r = 0.644–0.693), Human Development Index (r = 0.682–0.749), and Per Capita Expenditure (r = 0.542–0.612; p &amp;lt; 0.01) were consistently significant predictors. GTWR confirmed their spatio-temporal influence across districts and cities in South Sulawesi. Socioeconomic factors significantly shape the spatio-temporal variation of type 2 DM burden in South Sulawesi, highlighting the need for targeted community-based interventions and inclusive socioeconomic policies to reduce disease burden.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) in cooperation with the Association of Indonesian Public Health Experts (Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI))</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-09-30</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ujph/article/view/35025</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/ujph.v15i2.35025</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Unnes Journal of Public Health; Vol. 15 No. 2 (2026); 174-186</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2548-7604</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2252-6781</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/ujph.v15i2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ujph/article/view/35025/11604</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Unnes Journal of Public Health</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>