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Ocular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study based on the Indonesian National Health Insurance Data

Unnes Journal of Public Health · Vol. 15 No. 2 (2026) · hlm. 187–194

DOI
10.15294/ujph.v15i2.35652
ISSN
2548-7604, 2252-6781
Terbit
2026-09-30
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) in cooperation with the Association of Indonesian Public Health Experts (Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI))
Bahasa
eng

Abstrak

The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is projected to rise dramatically. Southeast Asia regions will predictably face a 73% increase by 2050, exacerbating risks of microvascular complications like chronic kidney disease (CKD) and ocular disorders. This study aims to investigate the association between ocular comorbidity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with a chronic kidney disease (CKD) according to the Indonesian National Health Insurance data. This retrospective cohort study analyzed 7,581 T2DM patients (11.4% with CKD) from Indonesian National Health Insurance (NHI) database year 2016–2023. Odds ratios (OR) and hazard ratios (HR) for ocular diagnoses (ICD-10 codes) were calculated using contingency tables and cox regression after propensity score matching (PSM) for age and sex. Other retinal disorders (OR: 2.96, 95% CI: 2.22–3.96), vitreous body disorders (OR: 2.92, 95% CI: 2.09–4.08), and other cataracts (OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.35–2.13) had significantly higher odds of CKD occurrence in T2DM patients. Conversely, refractive errors showed a lower OR (0.79, 95% CI: 0.64–0.99). Adjusted HRs confirmed elevated risks of CKD in T2DM patients with other retinal disorders (HR: 2.03) and vitreous body disorders (HR: 1.72). T2DM patients with retinal disorders, vitreous body disorders, globe abnormalities, cataracts, and glaucoma showed markedly higher risks of developing CKD, underscoring the need for integrated screening and management.

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  • Universitas Sumatera Utara
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Amir FaisalAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Jodi Hans SitorusAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Feerzet AchmadAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Edi KurniawanUniversitas Sumatera Utara1
Evi WidowatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Alfiana Ainun NisaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Rafidha Nur AlifahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Della Rizky FitrianaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Luvi Lia NursucilowatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Dita Primanda Arum SwastikaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Syamsul Huda Budi MusthofaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Tri RamadhaniAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Mateus Sakundarno AdiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Risna Endah BudiatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Suharyo HadisaputroAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Rr. Anggun Paramita DjatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Sri Achadi NugraheniAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Apoina KartiniAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Moch Taufik HidayatullahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Dyah Hapsari PrananingrumAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Endang HaryaniAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Vivi Retno InteningAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ujph/oai, pertama di-harvest 6 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 6 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Ocular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study based on the Indonesian National Health Insurance Data</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Kresnowati, Lily </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Suhartono </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Shaluhiyah, Zahroh</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Widjanarko, Bagoes</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Ocular Complications; Chronic Kidney Disease; National Health Insurance Data </dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is projected to rise dramatically. Southeast Asia regions will predictably face a 73% increase by 2050, exacerbating risks of microvascular complications like chronic kidney disease (CKD) and ocular disorders. This study aims to investigate the association between ocular comorbidity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with a chronic kidney disease (CKD) according to the Indonesian National Health Insurance data. This retrospective cohort study analyzed 7,581 T2DM patients (11.4% with CKD) from Indonesian National Health Insurance (NHI) database year 2016–2023. Odds ratios (OR) and hazard ratios (HR) for ocular diagnoses (ICD-10 codes) were calculated using contingency tables and cox regression after propensity score matching (PSM) for age and sex.  Other retinal disorders (OR: 2.96, 95% CI: 2.22–3.96), vitreous body disorders (OR: 2.92, 95% CI: 2.09–4.08), and other cataracts (OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.35–2.13) had significantly higher odds of CKD occurrence in T2DM patients. Conversely, refractive errors showed a lower OR (0.79, 95% CI: 0.64–0.99). Adjusted HRs confirmed elevated risks of CKD in T2DM patients with other retinal disorders (HR: 2.03) and vitreous body disorders (HR: 1.72).  T2DM patients with retinal disorders, vitreous body disorders, globe abnormalities, cataracts, and glaucoma showed markedly higher risks of developing CKD, underscoring the need for integrated screening and management.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) in cooperation with the Association of Indonesian Public Health Experts (Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI))</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-09-30</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ujph/article/view/35652</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/ujph.v15i2.35652</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Unnes Journal of Public Health; Vol. 15 No. 2 (2026); 187-194</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2548-7604</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2252-6781</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/ujph.v15i2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ujph/article/view/35652/11605</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Unnes Journal of Public Health</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>