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Developing low-cost two wheels balancing scooter using proportional derivative controller

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) · Vol. 12 No. 3 (2022)

DOI
10.11591/ijece.v12i3.pp2454-2464
ISSN
2722-2578, 2088-8708
Published
2022-06-01
Publisher
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

This study suggests a strategy for creating a low-cost two-wheeled balancing scooter with a simpler system that can work similarly to the commercial ones on the market. A simple system will help people to understand how it works and how to build it. The mechanical parts were made from simple hollow bar iron. Wheelbarrow wheels were attached to two electric bicycle motors, and the controller was using an 8-bit microcontroller running a proportional derivative (PD) controller. PD controller only is not enough to run the scooter with a passenger smoothly. Some strategies were added to overcome some non-linear problems due to the use of low-cost components. Finally, the system is successfully built and can be ride by a 65 kgs weight of rider. The sco o ter can turn left or right, and even to make a 360-degree spot-rotation.

Collaboration network of the authors

6 authors · 7 co-authorship links · 3 across different organisations

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Sanata Dharma University
  • Rajamangala University of Technology
  • Asian Institute of Technology
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Elang ParikesitRajamangala University of Technology1
Dechrit ManeethamRajamangala University of Technology1
Ignatius Deradjad PranowoSanata Dharma University1
Dian ArtantoSanata Dharma University1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

This record comes from Crossref (what the publisher deposited), because the journal's own OAI-PMH endpoint could not be harvested.

Metadata source: Crossref API (cadangan, berdasarkan ISSN) https://api.crossref.org/journals/2088-8708/works, first harvested 27 Okt 2026, last seen 27 Okt 2026.
Metadata as oai_dc, converted from Crossref
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