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The impact of economic growth, inequality, and resource depletion on CO2 emissions in Indonesia: Evidence from the ARDL model

Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah · Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025) · hlm. 244–259

DOI
10.22437/ppd.v13i3.40844
ISSN
2355-8520, 2338-4603
Terbit
2025-08-31
Penerbit
Program Magister Ilmu Ekonomi Pascasarjana Universitas Jambi
Bahasa
en
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstrak

This study examines the impact of natural resource depletion, economic growth, and income inequality on CO₂ emissions in Indonesia from 1990 to 2021. Utilizing time series data from the World Bank, the analysis employs the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to simultaneously assess both short- and long-run relationships among the variables, while also testing the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The results reveal that natural resource depletion, economic growth, and income inequality all have a positive and statistically significant effect on CO₂ emissions in both the short and long term. Furthermore, the findings provide strong empirical support for the existence of an inverted U-shaped EKC in Indonesia, indicating that emissions initially rise with income but eventually decline beyond a certain income threshold. These results underscore the crucial need for comprehensive policy frameworks that effectively integrate economic development, environmental sustainability, and social equity. In particular, the significant role of resource depletion necessitates prioritizing sustainable resource management strategies—such as forest conservation, responsible mining practices, and improved resource efficiency—to mitigate environmental degradation.

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  • IPB University
  • Universitas Halu Oleo
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Ariodillah HidayatAfiliasi tidak diketahui4
Wisnu Ananta KusumaIPB University3
Imas Sukaesih SitanggangIPB University3
Suhel SuhelAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Imam AsngariAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Taufiq MarwaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Xenaneira ShodrokovaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Larasati LarasatiIPB University1
Nabila Sekar RamadhantiIPB University1
Sony Hartono WijayaIPB University1
Global Ilham SampurnoIPB University1
Alusyanti PrimawatiIPB University1
Dewi Apri AstutiIPB University1
Siti RohimaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Yunisvita YunisvitaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nindya Putri EdytyaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Saadah YulianaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Fitri KurniasihAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Dwi Darma Puspita SariAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Sukanto SukantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Mardalena MardalenaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Mukhlis MukhlisAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Eka FitriyantiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Syahrimi SyahrimiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Muhammad YusufUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Wahyu IskandarAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Sadang HusainAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Rodiansono RodiansonoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Kurnia PutriAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nazeli AdnanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Dirta Pratama AtiyatnaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
S. SuhelAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
A. AzwardiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Ichsan HamidiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Risa Intan KomaraasihAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Muhammad Asyhar AgmalaroAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Muhammad Fahrury RomdendineAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

Afiliasi berasal dari OpenAlex; metadata OAI-PMH jurnal tidak memuatnya. Penulis tanpa ID OpenAlex dicocokkan berdasarkan nama, sehingga dua orang bisa tergabung atau satu orang bisa terpisah.

Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/index.php/JES/oai, pertama di-harvest 6 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">The impact of economic growth, inequality, and resource depletion on CO2 emissions in Indonesia: Evidence from the ARDL model</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Annisa, Annisa</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Yulianita, Anna</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Bashir, Abdul</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Economic growth</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Resource depletion</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">CO2 Emissions</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Inequality</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">EKC</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">This study examines the impact of natural resource depletion, economic growth, and income inequality on CO₂ emissions in Indonesia from 1990 to 2021. Utilizing time series data from the World Bank, the analysis employs the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to simultaneously assess both short- and long-run relationships among the variables, while also testing the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The results reveal that natural resource depletion, economic growth, and income inequality all have a positive and statistically significant effect on CO₂ emissions in both the short and long term. Furthermore, the findings provide strong empirical support for the existence of an inverted U-shaped EKC in Indonesia, indicating that emissions initially rise with income but eventually decline beyond a certain income threshold. These results underscore the crucial need for comprehensive policy frameworks that effectively integrate economic development, environmental sustainability, and social equity. In particular, the significant role of resource depletion necessitates prioritizing sustainable resource management strategies—such as forest conservation, responsible mining practices, and improved resource efficiency—to mitigate environmental degradation.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Program Magister Ilmu Ekonomi  Pascasarjana Universitas Jambi</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-08-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/JES/article/view/40844</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.22437/ppd.v13i3.40844</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah; Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025): Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah; 244-259</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2355-8520</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2338-4603</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/JES/article/view/40844/22087</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Annisa Annisa, Anna Yulianita, Abdul Bashir</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>