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Constitution-Based Positive Legislature: A Comparative Study of Indonesia, Bulgaria, and Mexico

Limbago: Journal of Constitutional Law · Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026) · hlm. 172–201

DOI
10.22437/limbago.v6i1.57421
ISSN
2797-9040
Terbit
2026-02-25
Penerbit
Universitas Jambi, Fakultas Hukum
Bahasa
en
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstrak

This paper examines the increasing tendency of constitutional judges to function as a “positive legislature,” namely by establishing alternative normative standards rather than merely annulling illegal legislation. The paper used a comparative doctrinal methodology to analyze three jurisdictions: Indonesia's Constitutional Court, Bulgaria's Constitutional Court, and Mexico's Supreme Court. The comparison reveals that Indonesia frequently uses conditional rulings with erga omnes effects to effectively establish replacement norms; Bulgaria often mitigates normative vacuums by reviving previous rules and expansive, teleological constitutional interpretation; and Mexico enhances rights protection through the juicio de amparo and the gradual establishment of progressive, binding precedent. Based on these patterns, the article suggests a Constitutionally Guided Positive Legislature (CGPL) model that directs the creation of judicial norms through (i) structured and open normative intervention, (ii) temporary constitutional norms with clear boundaries, (iii) substantial democratic justification, and (iv) a test for the separation of powers. CGPL is meant to keep judicial lawmaking in check, ensuring it remains fair and responsible while also protecting rights, delivering real justice, and keeping democracy alive.

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20 penulis · 47 tautan kepenulisan bersama · 21 lintas organisasi

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  • Universitas Adiwangsa Jambi
  • Universitas Jambi
  • National University of Malaysia
  • Universitas Merangin
  • Universitas Batanghari
  • Universitas Halu Oleo
  • Universitas Islam Negeri Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Saidatul Nadia Abd AzizNational University of Malaysia2
Febrian ChandraUniversitas Merangin2
Muhammad Syahlan SamosirUniversitas Adiwangsa Jambi1
Alendrad AlendradUniversitas Adiwangsa Jambi1
Ferdricka NggeboeUniversitas Batanghari1
Rahman RahmanUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Emir Adzan Syazali Emir Adzan SyazaliAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Agus IrawanUniversitas Adiwangsa Jambi1
M.S. AlfarisiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
HartatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
HarmainiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Fitri HandayaniAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Hartati HartatiUniversitas Jambi1
A ZarkasiUniversitas Jambi1
Sayuti SayutiUniversitas Islam Negeri Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi1
Rr. Rina AntasariUniversitas Islam Negeri Raden Fatah Palembang1

Afiliasi berasal dari OpenAlex; metadata OAI-PMH jurnal tidak memuatnya. Penulis tanpa ID OpenAlex dicocokkan berdasarkan nama, sehingga dua orang bisa tergabung atau satu orang bisa terpisah.

Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/index.php/Limbago/oai, pertama di-harvest 6 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Constitution-Based Positive Legislature: A Comparative Study of Indonesia, Bulgaria, and Mexico</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Diar, Adithiya</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Rahman</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Albi Ternando</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Kurniawan, Ridha</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Constitutional Court</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Constitutional Democracy</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Judicial Lawmaking</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Positive legislator</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Separation of Powers</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">This paper examines the increasing tendency of constitutional judges to function as a “positive legislature,” namely by establishing alternative normative standards rather than merely annulling illegal legislation. The paper used a comparative doctrinal methodology to analyze three jurisdictions: Indonesia's Constitutional Court, Bulgaria's Constitutional Court, and Mexico's Supreme Court. The comparison reveals that Indonesia frequently uses conditional rulings with erga omnes effects to effectively establish replacement norms; Bulgaria often mitigates normative vacuums by reviving previous rules and expansive, teleological constitutional interpretation; and Mexico enhances rights protection through the juicio de amparo and the gradual establishment of progressive, binding precedent. Based on these patterns, the article suggests a Constitutionally Guided Positive Legislature (CGPL) model that directs the creation of judicial norms through (i) structured and open normative intervention, (ii) temporary constitutional norms with clear boundaries, (iii) substantial democratic justification, and (iv) a test for the separation of powers. CGPL is meant to keep judicial lawmaking in check, ensuring it remains fair and responsible while also protecting rights, delivering real justice, and keeping democracy alive.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Jambi, Fakultas Hukum</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-02-25</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/Limbago/article/view/57421</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.22437/limbago.v6i1.57421</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Limbago: Journal of Constitutional Law; Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Constitusional Law; 172-201</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2797-9040</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.22437/limbago.v6i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/Limbago/article/view/57421/25036</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Adithiya Diar, Rahman, Albi Ternando, Ridha Kurniawan</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>