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Principles of International Justice under the Statute of the International Court of Justice and the ICCPR: Can they be Applied to Criminal Sanctions?

Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law · Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026) · hlm. 216–238

DOI
10.22437/up.v7i2.55073
ISSN
2721-8333, 2721-8031
Terbit
2026-07-08
Penerbit
Faculty of Law, Universitas Jambi
Bahasa
en
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstrak

Background The restriction of criminal sanctions in regional regulations to fines as mandated by Indonesia's new Criminal Code raises crucial questions regarding their alignment with international standards of justice. As a state bound by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the general principles of law enshrined in the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), Indonesia is obligated to ensure that all domestic legal instruments, including Regional Regulations, uphold principles of justice. Methodology: This normative study employs philosophical, statutory, comparative, and conceptual approaches. Primary and secondary legal materials including international instruments (ICJ Statute, ICCPR, UDHR) and interviews with international law experts were analyzed qualitatively. A comparative study was conducted regarding fine systems and public participation practices in the United Kingdom, Finland, Brazil, the Netherlands, and Japan. Objectives: To assess the compliance of criminal sanctions in Indonesian Regional Regulations with international legal principles of justice and to formulate necessary legal and institutional reforms. Findings: The absence of clear parameters for determining criminal sanctions in Regional Regulations leads to disparities, disproportionality, and legal uncertainty, potentially violating the principles of equality before the law and non-discrimination as set forth in the ICCPR and UDHR. To align with international standards, three essential reforms are required: (1) the formulation of national guidelines containing measurable criminalization parameters; (2) the institutionalization of meaningful public participation in the drafting of Regional Regulations; and (3) the affirmation of criminal sanctions as an ultimum remedium. Originality/Novelty: This study offers a multidimensional framework that evaluates Indonesian regional criminal sanctions through the lens of international law, bridges decentralization policies with global human rights obligations, and provides a model for harmonizing regional autonomy with international justice

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  • Hasanuddin University
  • Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University
  • Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri Majene
  • Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum Manokwari
  • Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar
  • Universitas Sulawesi Tenggara
  • Universitas Muslim Indonesia
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Maskun MaskunHasanuddin University4
Muhammad Mutawalli MukhlisSekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri Majene3
Ahmad MasumSultan Sharif Ali Islamic University2
Yusuf Ibrahim ArowosaiyeSultan Sharif Ali Islamic University2
Aminuddin IlmarHasanuddin University2
Amaliyah AmaliyahHasanuddin University1
Achmad AchmadHasanuddin University1
Fauziah P. BaktiHasanuddin University1
Farida PatittingiHasanuddin University1
Filep WamafmaSekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum Manokwari1
Achmad RuslanHasanuddin University1
Wa Ode Intan KurniawatiUniversitas Sulawesi Tenggara1
Muhammad Saleh TajuddinUniversitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar1
Marwati RizaHasanuddin University1
Moch Andry Wikra Wardhana MamontoUniversitas Muslim Indonesia1
Mohd Shahril Nizam Md RadziNational University of Malaysia1
Normiati NormiatiUniversity of Birmingham1
Wiranti WirantiHasanuddin University1
Franklin Oniemba MundalaUniversity of Kinshasa1
Muhammad Zulfan HakimHasanuddin University1
Fazil JamalJawaharlal Nehru University1
Anshori IlyasHasanuddin University1
Irwansyah IrwansyahHasanuddin University1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/index.php/Utipossidetis/oai, pertama di-harvest 6 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Principles of International Justice under the Statute of the International Court of Justice and the ICCPR: Can they be Applied to Criminal Sanctions?</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Wahyuni, Irma</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Moenta, Andi Pangerang</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Naswar, Naswar</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">international justice principles;</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">icj statute;</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">iccpr;</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">regional regulations;</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">criminal sanctions.</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">
Background The restriction of criminal sanctions in regional regulations  to fines as mandated by Indonesia's new Criminal Code raises crucial questions regarding their alignment with international standards of justice. As a state bound by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the general principles of law enshrined in the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), Indonesia is obligated to ensure that all domestic legal instruments, including Regional Regulations, uphold principles of justice. Methodology: This normative study employs philosophical, statutory, comparative, and conceptual approaches. Primary and secondary legal materials including international instruments (ICJ Statute, ICCPR, UDHR) and interviews with international law experts were analyzed qualitatively. A comparative study was conducted regarding fine systems and public participation practices in the United Kingdom, Finland, Brazil, the Netherlands, and Japan. Objectives: To assess the compliance of criminal sanctions in Indonesian Regional Regulations with international legal principles of justice and to formulate necessary legal and institutional reforms. Findings: The absence of clear parameters for determining criminal sanctions in Regional Regulations leads to disparities, disproportionality, and legal uncertainty, potentially violating the principles of equality before the law and non-discrimination as set forth in the ICCPR and UDHR. To align with international standards, three essential reforms are required: (1) the formulation of national guidelines containing measurable criminalization parameters; (2) the institutionalization of meaningful public participation in the drafting of Regional Regulations; and (3) the affirmation of criminal sanctions as an ultimum remedium. Originality/Novelty: This study offers a multidimensional framework that evaluates Indonesian regional criminal sanctions through the lens of international law, bridges decentralization policies with global human rights obligations, and provides a model for harmonizing regional autonomy with international justice
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	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Faculty of Law, Universitas Jambi</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-07-08</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/Utipossidetis/article/view/55073</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.22437/up.v7i2.55073</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law; Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): Juni ; 216-238</dc:source>
	<dc:source xml:lang="id">Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law; Vol 7 No 2 (2026): Juni ; 216-238</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2721-8333</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2721-8031</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/Utipossidetis/article/view/55073/24805</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Irma Wahyuni, Andi Pangerang Moenta Naswar</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
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