Open access Journal SINTA 1
Safety Assessment of TENORM Waste Landfill on Bangka Island Using Resrad Offsite 4.0
Atom Indonesia · Vol. 51 No. 2 (2025) · pp. 119–129
- ISSN
- 2356-5322, 0126-1568
- Published
- 2025-07-07
- Publisher
- National Research and Innovation Agency
- Language
- eng
Abstract
Bangka Island faced serious environmental challenges due to TENORM (Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials) waste from tin mining activities. The waste contained radionuclides such as U-238, Th-232, and K-40, which could have had detrimental effects on human health and the environment. To solve this problem, TENORM waste should be disposed of in the class II landfill facility. The Class II landfill was more efficient by cost than the Class I landfill. The landfill design provide a waste contamination layer with dimensions of 160 × 160 × 3 meters. This landfill class has 5 layers from top to bottom cover layers such as the contamination or waste layer, protective coating layer, layer for collecting and transferring, geomembrane layer, soil barrier layer, leak detection system layer, and base layer, which each layer was intended to safeguard against contamination. These protective layers were required to adhere to precise specifications regarding material, thickness, and hydraulic conductivity to effectively manage waste and leachate. Additionally, the base layer consisted of compacted clay, designed to regulate hydraulic conductivity and offer sustained environmental protection. This paper will discuss the radiological safety assessment of this landfill design. This design was modeled using Resrad Offsite 4.0 software to assess its radiation safety in order to fulfill landfill safety requirements. The simulation results showed a maximum radiation dose of 0.40537 mSv per year at a distance of 200 meters from the landfill center, which was estimated to persist for 29,265 years after the landfill was closed. The cancer risk probability was estimated to be 4.25 × 10⁻⁴. More importantly, this dose was still below the safe limit set by BAPETEN (Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency) for public radiation exposure, which is 1 mSv per year. The class II landfill design, based on the simulation results, was safe for public health and the environment.
Keywords
Collaboration network of the authors
40 authors · 138 co-authorship links · 73 across different organisations · showing the 40 most connected
Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.
- National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia
- National Research and Innovation Agency
- University of Bengkulu
- IPB University
- Universitas Gadjah Mada
- Meteorological, Climatological, And Geophysical Agency
- International Potato Center
- Other organisations
- Different organisations
- Same organisation
- Affiliation unknown
- Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
| Co-author | Organisation | Joint articles |
|---|---|---|
| Kusdiana Kusdiana | National Research and Innovation Agency | 2 |
| S Syarbaini | National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia | 2 |
| Syarbaini Syarbaini | National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia | 2 |
| Afrizal Mayub | University of Bengkulu | 1 |
| F. Fahmizal | Universitas Gadjah Mada | 1 |
| R. W. Wardaya | University of Bengkulu | 1 |
| Lazfihma Lazfihma | University of Bengkulu | 1 |
| Henny Johan | University of Bengkulu | 1 |
| Euis Nursaadah | University of Bengkulu | 1 |
| Rahmaniah Nalwi | Universitas Sulawesi Barat | 1 |
| Akhiruddin Maddu | IPB University | 1 |
| Jumardin Jumardin | Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar | 1 |
| Budi Indra Setiawan | IPB University | 1 |
| Gustri Nurliati | National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia | 1 |
| Heru Sriwahyuni | National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia | 1 |
| Mirawaty Mirawaty | National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia | 1 |
| Pungky Ayu Artiani | National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia | 1 |
| Kuat Heriyanto | National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia | 1 |
| Nurul Efri Ekaningrum | National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia | 1 |
| Yuli Purwanto | National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia | 1 |
| S Sumarbagiono | National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia | 1 |
| A. Warsona | National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia | 1 |
| N. Sugianto | University of Bengkulu | 1 |
| Muhammad Subekti | National Research and Innovation Agency | 1 |
| Agung Satriyo | National Research and Innovation Agency | 1 |
| W. Suryanto | Universitas Gadjah Mada | 1 |
| Titi Anggono | Indonesian Institute of Sciences | 1 |
| Jajat Jatnika | Meteorological, Climatological, And Geophysical Agency | 1 |
| R. Swastikarani | Meteorological, Climatological, And Geophysical Agency | 1 |
| M. Wiyono | National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia | 1 |
| Syamsir Dewang | Hasanuddin University | 1 |
| Surip Widodo | National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia | 1 |
| Wahyudi Wahyudi | National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia | 1 |
| Herdhata Agusta | IPB University | 1 |
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