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Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Alkali Pretreatment for Enhancement of Delignification Process of Cocoa Pod Husk

Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis · Vol. ume (2021) · pp. 31–43

DOI
10.9767/bcrec.16.1.8872.31-43
ISSN
1978-2993
Published
2021-03-31
Publisher
Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

In this study, the optimization of microwave-assisted alkaline (MAA) pretreatment is performed to attain the optimal operating parameters for the delignification of cocoa pod husk (CPH). The MAA performance was examined by heating the CPH solid with different particle sizes (60–120 mesh) and NaOH solution with a different sample to a solvent (SS) ratio (0.02–0.05 g/L), for short irradiation time (1–4 min). Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was utilized to optimize the percentage of lignocellulose composition changes. The results show that by enlarging particle size, the content of lignin and cellulose decreased while hemicellulose increased. By prolong irradiation time, the content of lignin and hemicellulose decreased while cellulose elevated. On the other hand, increasing the SS ratio was not significant for hemicellulose content changes. From FTIR and SEM characterization, the MAA drove the removal of lignin and hemicellulose of CPH and increased cellulose slightly. Supported by kinetic study which conducted in this work, it was exhibited that MAA pretreatment technology is an effective delignification method of CPH which can tackle the bottleneck of its commercial biofuel production. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 174 co-authorship links · showing the 40 most connected

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Hasanuddin University
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Arief WidjajaAffiliation unknown10
Nur FadhilahHasanuddin University7
Tri WidjajaAffiliation unknown5
Yukihiro TashiroAffiliation unknown4
Kenji SakaiAffiliation unknown4
Tantular NurtonoAffiliation unknown3
Siska Nuri FadilahAffiliation unknown3
Dwina MoentamariaAffiliation unknown3
Candra WijayaAffiliation unknown2
Lieke RiadiAffiliation unknown2
Hanny Frans SangianAffiliation unknown2
Zakijah IrfinAffiliation unknown2
Achmad ChumaidiAffiliation unknown2
Muhammad RezaAffiliation unknown1
Jauhairiyah GailaniAffiliation unknown1
Tria SusantiAffiliation unknown1
Syarifa Aminatuz ZuhroAffiliation unknown1
Achmad SjaifullahAffiliation unknown1
Busroni BusroniAffiliation unknown1
Niki EtrulyAffiliation unknown1
Dyah SawitriAffiliation unknown1
Urania Noor Lintang PertiwiAffiliation unknown1
Tabina Raissa ApolAffiliation unknown1
Ika Putri Nikmatur RohmahAffiliation unknown1
Doty Dewi RisantiAffiliation unknown1
Ruri Agung WahyuonoAffiliation unknown1
Dendy SatrioAffiliation unknown1
Achri Isnan KhamilAffiliation unknown1
Ningsi Lick SangadjiAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/oai, first harvested 8 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Alkali Pretreatment for Enhancement of Delignification Process of Cocoa Pod Husk</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Muharja, Maktum</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Darmayanti, Rizki Fitria</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Palupi, Bekti</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Rahmawati, Istiqomah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Fachri, Boy Arief</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Setiawan, Felix Arie</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Amini, Helda Wika</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Rizkiana, Meta Fitri</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Rahmawati, Atiqa</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Susanti, Ari</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Putri, Ditta Kharisma Yolanda</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">alkaline; biofuel; cocoa pod husk; delignification; microwave</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">In this study, the optimization of microwave-assisted alkaline (MAA) pretreatment is performed to attain the optimal operating parameters for the delignification of cocoa pod husk (CPH). The MAA performance was examined by heating the CPH solid with different particle sizes (60–120 mesh) and NaOH solution with a different sample to a solvent (SS) ratio (0.02–0.05 g/L), for short irradiation time (1–4 min). Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was utilized to optimize the percentage of lignocellulose composition changes. The results show that by enlarging particle size, the content of lignin and cellulose decreased while hemicellulose increased. By prolong irradiation time, the content of lignin and hemicellulose decreased while cellulose elevated. On the other hand, increasing the SS ratio was not significant for hemicellulose content changes. From FTIR and SEM characterization, the MAA drove the removal of lignin and hemicellulose of CPH and increased cellulose slightly. Supported by kinetic study which conducted in this work, it was exhibited that MAA pretreatment technology is an effective delignification method of CPH which can tackle the bottleneck of its commercial biofuel production. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). </dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
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	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/8872</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.9767/bcrec.16.1.8872.31-43</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering &amp; Catalysis; 2021: BCREC Volume 16 Issue 1 Year 2021 (March 2021); 31-43</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1978-2993</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/8872/5139</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/downloadSuppFile/8872/2044</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/downloadSuppFile/8872/2045</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/downloadSuppFile/8872/2046</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/downloadSuppFile/8872/2047</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
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