Nickel-Lanthanum Impregnated into Natural Zeolite as a Catalyst for Biofuel Production from Sunflower Oil via Hydrocracking Process

Santiko, Erik Budi; Fauziah, Sarah; Priyanto, Sugeng; Yustinah, Yustinah; Marlinda, Lenny; Sudibyo, Sudibyo; Aziz, Abdul; Oktiarmi, Peri; Yati, Indri; Al Muttaqii, Muhammad

doi:10.9767/bcrec.20503

Open access Journal SINTA 1

Nickel-Lanthanum Impregnated into Natural Zeolite as a Catalyst for Biofuel Production from Sunflower Oil via Hydrocracking Process

Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis · Vol. ume (2026) · pp. 68–79

DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20503
ISSN: 1978-2993
Published: 2026-04-30
Publisher: Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)
Language: eng
License: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

The increasing demand for crude oil or fossil fuel as a raw material for oil fuel has been steadily rising over time in line with the development that is taking place in Indonesia. However, biofuels are potential vegetable fuels that can be developed as alternative energy because they are renewable and can be renewed to overcome the energy crisis in the future. For this purpose, a double metal catalyst (impregnated with nickel and lanthanum), is used to make biofuels from sunflower seed oil. The effect of metal ratio on the yield of biofuel products is the concern in this study. The temperature of hydrocracking process was 250-330 ℃ with ratio of metal 5% and 10% (metal ratio 1:1 and 1:2). X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that natural zeolite has a clinoptilolite phase, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) shows that acid and base activation increases the Si/Al ratio from 4.5 to 5, Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) shows images of natural zeolite surfaces in the form of aggregate pieces, and Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) shows that acid and base activation increases SBET from 29.96 to 49.73 m2/g and forms a hierarchical natural zeolite. The impregnation of Ni-La/Zeolite catalyst has been successfully carried out using the incipient wetness impregnation method and the best catalyst results were obtained, namely Ni-La/Zeolite 10% (1:2) with a surface area of 15.33 m2/gS. The addition of Nickel and Lanthanum metals caused a decrease in the surface area and average pore diameter of the zeolite. The lowest surface area and average pore diameter were found in the variation of the Ni-La/Zeolite 10% (1:2) catalyst, namely 15.33 m2/g and 13.99 nm. The highest hydrocarbon yield was found in the hydrocracking process with the Ni-La/Zeolite 10% (1:1) catalyst with gasoline, kerosene and gasoil fractions of 0.91; 0.39 and 8.32 (%wt), respectively. The hydrocarbon compound composition of the catalyst includes n-paraffin 4.43%, isoparaffin 0.21%, cycloparaffin 2.99% and olefin 2.71%. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 133 co-authorship links · 1 across different organisations · showing the 40 most connected

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

Sebelas Maret University
Tadulako University
National Research and Innovation Agency
Hasanuddin University
Yogyakarta State University
Affiliation unknown

Different organisations
Same organisation
Affiliation unknown
Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles

Show as table

Co-author	Organisation	Joint articles
Maja Pranata Marbun	Affiliation unknown	13
Achmad Roesyadi	Affiliation unknown	8
Kususanto Ditto Prihadi	Affiliation unknown	6
Nino Rinaldi	Affiliation unknown	5
Danawati Hari Prajitno	Affiliation unknown	5
Hasanudin Hasanudin	Affiliation unknown	4
Muhammad Ridwan	Hasanuddin University	3
D. M. Magdalena Ritonga	Affiliation unknown	2
Yan Nurcahya	Affiliation unknown	2
Novia Novia	Tadulako University	2
Roni Maryana	Affiliation unknown	2
Wan Ryan Asri	Affiliation unknown	2
Fitri Hadiah	Affiliation unknown	2
Vera Permatasari	National Research and Innovation Agency	2
Zahari Ishak	Affiliation unknown	2
Mujtahid Mujtahid	Affiliation unknown	2
Mohammad Padil	Affiliation unknown	2
Astrid Noviana Paradhita	Sebelas Maret University	1
Mutiara Auliya Khadija	Sebelas Maret University	1
Agus Purbayu	Sebelas Maret University	1
Sahirul Alim Tri Bawono	Sebelas Maret University	1
Sri Haryati	Sebelas Maret University	1
Daaniis Raditya Pramoda Wardani	Sebelas Maret University	1
Rafael Kurniawan Albyseptra Pratama	Sebelas Maret University	1
Diana Zuhroh	Affiliation unknown	1
Wahyu Lestari	Yogyakarta State University	1
Sunarto Sunarto	Affiliation unknown	1
Eko Sugiarto	Affiliation unknown	1
Muh Fakhrihun Naam	Affiliation unknown	1
Dwi Ardi Wicaksana Putra	Affiliation unknown	1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/oai, first harvested 8 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.

Original metadata (oai_dc)

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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Nickel-Lanthanum Impregnated into Natural Zeolite as a Catalyst for Biofuel Production from Sunflower Oil via Hydrocracking Process</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Santiko, Erik Budi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Fauziah, Sarah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Priyanto, Sugeng</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Yustinah, Yustinah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Marlinda, Lenny</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Sudibyo, Sudibyo</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Aziz, Abdul</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Oktiarmi, Peri</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Yati, Indri</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Al Muttaqii, Muhammad</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Nickel-Lanthanum; Natural zeolite; Sunflower oil; Hydrocracking; Green Diesel</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">The increasing demand for crude oil or fossil fuel as a raw material for oil fuel has been steadily rising over time in line with the development that is taking place in Indonesia. However, biofuels are potential vegetable fuels that can be developed as alternative energy because they are renewable and can be renewed to overcome the energy crisis in the future. For this purpose, a double metal catalyst (impregnated with nickel and lanthanum), is used to make biofuels from sunflower seed oil. The effect of metal ratio on the yield of biofuel products is the concern in this study. The temperature of hydrocracking process was 250-330 ℃ with ratio of metal 5% and 10% (metal ratio 1:1 and 1:2). X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that natural zeolite has a clinoptilolite phase, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) shows that acid and base activation increases the Si/Al ratio from 4.5 to 5, Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) shows images of natural zeolite surfaces in the form of aggregate pieces, and Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) shows that acid and base activation increases SBET from 29.96 to 49.73 m2/g and forms a hierarchical natural zeolite. The impregnation of Ni-La/Zeolite catalyst has been successfully carried out using the incipient wetness impregnation method and the best catalyst results were obtained, namely Ni-La/Zeolite 10% (1:2) with a surface area of 15.33 m2/gS. The addition of Nickel and Lanthanum metals caused a decrease in the surface area and average pore diameter of the zeolite. The lowest surface area and average pore diameter were found in the variation of the Ni-La/Zeolite 10% (1:2) catalyst, namely 15.33 m2/g and 13.99 nm. The highest hydrocarbon yield was found in the hydrocracking process with the Ni-La/Zeolite 10% (1:1) catalyst with gasoline, kerosene and gasoil fractions of 0.91; 0.39 and 8.32 (%wt), respectively. The hydrocarbon compound composition of the catalyst includes n-paraffin 4.43%, isoparaffin 0.21%, cycloparaffin 2.99% and olefin 2.71%. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-04-30</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
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	<dc:identifier>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/20503</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.9767/bcrec.20503</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering &amp; Catalysis; 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 1 Year 2026 (April 2026); 68-79</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1978-2993</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/20503/9872</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group</dc:rights>
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