Ethnomathematics study: Mathematical activities and concept embedded in the traditional farming activities in Lingko Lodok of Manggarai community

Abstract

This study explores the ethnomathematical dimensions embedded in the rice-farming practices of the Wae Nakeng community within the Lingko Lodok system of Manggarai, Indonesia. Grounded in the premise that local cultural practices contain rich mathematical knowledge, the research aims to identify mathematical activities and school mathematics concepts embedded in field structure, farming stages, and the use of traditional tools and measurement systems. The study employed a qualitative ethnographic approach, collecting data through in-depth interviews, participant observations, and field documentation. The data were analyzed using an interactive model encompassing data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing, with the coding process guided by Bishop’s framework of mathematical activities. The findings reveal two major results. First, the farming practices demonstrate key mathematical activities, including counting, measuring, designing, locating, and explaining, as reflected in land division, seed preparation, planting patterns, irrigation management, and harvesting processes. Second, these activities embody various school mathematics concepts, such as arithmetic operations, ratio and proportional reasoning, linear functions, arithmetic sequences, geometric shapes and transformations, and standard and non-standard measurement. Overall, this study highlights the potential of Lingko Lodok-based ethnomathematics to inform meaningful mathematics instruction that bridges local knowledge with formal school curricula.