Melola Discovery

← Melola Discovery

Open access Journal SINTA 1

Analyzing Mask-Wearing Decisions Using Game Theory and the SIR Model with a Replicator Equation in Post-Pandemic Situations

Communication in Biomathematical Sciences · Vol. 9 No. 1 (2025) · pp. 1–14

DOI
10.5614/cbms.2026.9.1.1
ISSN
2549-2896
Published
2025-12-31
Publisher
The Indonesian Bio-Mathematical Society
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0

Abstract

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries implemented policies on using masks to control the outbreak. This policy has been relaxed in almost all countries, after which. Respiratory disease outbreaks re-emerged in several countries, including Indonesia. This article presents a game-theoretic model of mask use by the community during the spread of the disease. Both the effectiveness of masks in preventing the spread of the disease and the proportion of the infected population are included in the payoff calculation. The model is combined a with the Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) epidemic model with the replicator equation. The model is also evaluated under Nash equilibrium conditions. Simulations are carried out to effect of mask-wearing behavior on the incidence of acute respiratory infection in Jakarta. The results show that an individual's decision to use a mask is directly proportional to mask users. To reduce the number of infections, more than 10% of the population need to wear masks when the disease first appears. In the Nash equilibrium, we obtain a threshold value of the infected population at which the players decide not to use the mask. The results suggest that when respiratory infectious diseases emerge, governments must implement a stringent mask policy to control their spread and reduce infections.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 77 co-authorship links · 7 across different organisations · showing the 40 most connected

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • National Research and Innovation Agency
  • Bandung Institute of Technology
  • State University of Semarang
  • Mulawarman University
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Muhammad FakhruddinAffiliation unknown5
KhumaediState University of Semarang3
Edy SoewonoAffiliation unknown3
Roberd SaragihBandung Institute of Technology2
Dewi HandayaniBandung Institute of Technology2
Dewi SuhikaBandung Institute of Technology2
Dwi YuliantiState University of Semarang2
Suharto LinuwihAffiliation unknown2
Ani RusilowatiState University of Semarang2
Susilo SusiloAffiliation unknown2
Fianti FiantiAffiliation unknown2
Putut MarwotoState University of Semarang2
Ismi LutfinurAffiliation unknown2
Akbari Indra BasukiNational Research and Innovation Agency1
Didi RosiyadiNational Research and Innovation Agency1
Iwan Rizal SetiawanNational Research and Innovation Agency1
Taufik Ibnu SalimNational Research and Innovation Agency1
Nur IrianaMulawarman University1
Enis NurnawatiAffiliation unknown1
Yunita Putri SuyantoAffiliation unknown1
Fathur RohimAffiliation unknown1
EllianawatiAffiliation unknown1
Rina Dewi HapsariAffiliation unknown1
ErnawatiAffiliation unknown1
Ngurah Made D. PutraAffiliation unknown1
Atiko Marta PutriAffiliation unknown1
Siti KhanafiahAffiliation unknown1
KhanifahAffiliation unknown1
- MalindaAffiliation unknown1
Farida Nurun NajahAffiliation unknown1
Dewi - KhoirunnisaAffiliation unknown1
Meili SusantiAffiliation unknown1
Eni SugiartiAffiliation unknown1
Siti KhanafiyahAffiliation unknown1
Fitroh Imam AchmadAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://journals.itb.ac.id/index.php/cbms/oai, first harvested 8 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Analyzing Mask-Wearing Decisions Using Game Theory and the SIR Model with a Replicator Equation in Post-Pandemic Situations</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Nasution, Yuki Novia</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Rizqo, Muhammad Abyan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Nuraini, Nuning</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Apri, Mochamad</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Susanto, Hadi</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">mask</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">ARI</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">replicator equation</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">game theory</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">SIR</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Nash equilibrium</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">92B05</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">91A22</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">37N99</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">During the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries implemented policies on using masks to control the outbreak. This policy has been relaxed in almost all countries, after which. Respiratory disease outbreaks re-emerged in several countries, including Indonesia. This article presents a game-theoretic model of mask use by the community during the spread of the disease. Both the effectiveness of masks in preventing the spread of the disease and the proportion of the infected population are included in the payoff calculation. The model is combined a with the Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) epidemic model with the replicator equation. The model is also evaluated under Nash equilibrium conditions. Simulations are carried out to effect of mask-wearing behavior on the incidence of acute respiratory infection in Jakarta. The results show that an individual's decision to use a mask is directly proportional to mask users. To reduce the number of infections, more than 10% of the population need to wear masks when the disease first appears. In the Nash equilibrium, we obtain a threshold value of the infected population at which the players decide not to use the mask. The results suggest that when respiratory infectious diseases emerge, governments must implement a stringent mask policy to control their spread and reduce infections.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">The Indonesian Bio-Mathematical Society</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journals.itb.ac.id/index.php/cbms/article/view/25199</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.5614/cbms.2026.9.1.1</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Communication in Biomathematical Sciences; Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026); 1-14</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2549-2896</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.5614/cbms.2026.9.1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journals.itb.ac.id/index.php/cbms/article/view/25199/7273</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2025 Communication in Biomathematical Sciences</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>