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Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and Congo red dyes from aqueous solutions by bentonite-Fe3O4 magnetic

Communications in Science and Technology · Vol. 8 No. 1 (2023) · pp. 1–9

DOI
10.21924/cst.8.1.2023.1007
ISSN
2502-9266, 2502-9258
Published
2023-07-09
Publisher
Komunitas Ilmuwan dan Profesional Muslim Indonesia
Language
eng

Abstract

This study describes the co-precipitation synthesis of magnetic bentonite-Fe3O4 for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and Congo red pigments under visible light. Bentonite-Fe3O4 composites were produced using the mass ratio of 2:1 and 1:1 for bentonite to Fe3O4, respectively. X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), BET surface area, Vibrating-Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Ultraviolet–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV DRS) were used to characterize the materials. The bentonite-Fe3O4 (1:1) composite exhibited a greater surface area in comparison to the bentonite-Fe3O4 (2:1) composite with a measured value of 106.6 m2/g. It is a superparamagnetic material with a band gap of 2.25 eV and a saturation magnetization of 69.64 emu/g. The photocatalytic degradation of dye using bentonite-Fe3O4 (1:1) with the initial dye concentration of 25 mg/L, volume of 50 mL, catalyst dose of 0.05 g/L, addition of 3 mL H2O2, and 90 minutes of visible irradiation resulted in 94.34% and 98.45% degradation efficiency of methylene blue and Congo red dyes, respectively. The study determined that the most favorable pH for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue was pH 11, whereas the optimal pH for Congo red was found at pH 5. For methylene blue and Congo red dyes, photocatalytic degradation followed pseudo-first-order with the constant rates of 0.0356 min-1 and 0.0348 min-1, respectively. After five cycles of use in the photocatalytic process, the catalyst's degradation efficiency fell into below 5%. This research demonstrated that catalysts could be utilized in wastewater treatment technology.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 133 co-authorship links · showing the 40 most connected

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  • Tadulako University
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Novia NoviaTadulako University7
Roni MaryanaAffiliation unknown6
Wan Ryan AsriAffiliation unknown6
Nino RinaldiAffiliation unknown4
Muhammad Al MuttaqiiAffiliation unknown4
Salni SalniAffiliation unknown4
Fitri HadiahAffiliation unknown3
Muhammad SaidAffiliation unknown3
Hermansyah HermansyahAffiliation unknown2
Rahmawati RahmawatiAffiliation unknown2
Nabila ApriantiAffiliation unknown2
Anisa Fitri AmatullahAffiliation unknown2
Aldes LesbaniAffiliation unknown2
Fatma FatmaAffiliation unknown1
Nisa Manora PratamaAffiliation unknown1
Eva MusifaAffiliation unknown1
Jaih MubarokAffiliation unknown1
Muhammad Al-Fayyad MaulanaAffiliation unknown1
Muhamad NasrudinAffiliation unknown1
Zainul Mun'imAffiliation unknown1
Suaidi SuaidiAffiliation unknown1
Oyo Sunaryo MukhlasAffiliation unknown1
Dedah JubaedahAffiliation unknown1
Ending SolehudinAffiliation unknown1
Muhammad Farhan Bin Mat NoradinAffiliation unknown1
Ahmad Yani AnshoriAffiliation unknown1
HasanudinAffiliation unknown1
KamsiAffiliation unknown1
Risfidian MohadiAffiliation unknown1
Tarmizi TaherAffiliation unknown1
Neza Rahayu PalapaAffiliation unknown1
Bakri Rio RahayuAffiliation unknown1
Mhika NakashimaAffiliation unknown1
Sudibyo SudibyoAffiliation unknown1
Maja Pranata MarbunAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://cst.kipmi.or.id/oai, first harvested 8 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and Congo red dyes from aqueous solutions by bentonite-Fe3O4 magnetic</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Riyanti, Fahma</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Hasanudin, Hasanudin</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Rachmat, Addy</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Purwaningrum, Widia</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Hariani, Poedji Loekitowati</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">bentonite-Fe3O4</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">magnetic</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">degradation photocatalytic</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">methylene blue</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Congo red</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">This study describes the co-precipitation synthesis of magnetic bentonite-Fe3O4 for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and Congo red pigments under visible light. Bentonite-Fe3O4 composites were produced using the mass ratio of 2:1 and 1:1 for bentonite to Fe3O4, respectively. X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), BET surface area, Vibrating-Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Ultraviolet–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV DRS) were used to characterize the materials. The bentonite-Fe3O4 (1:1) composite exhibited a greater surface area in comparison to the bentonite-Fe3O4 (2:1) composite with a measured value of 106.6 m2/g. It is a superparamagnetic material with a band gap of 2.25 eV and a saturation magnetization of 69.64 emu/g. The photocatalytic degradation of dye using bentonite-Fe3O4 (1:1) with the initial dye concentration of 25 mg/L, volume of 50 mL, catalyst dose of 0.05 g/L, addition of 3 mL H2O2, and 90 minutes of visible irradiation resulted in 94.34% and 98.45% degradation efficiency of methylene blue and Congo red dyes, respectively. The study determined that the most favorable pH for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue was pH 11, whereas the optimal pH for Congo red was found at pH 5. For methylene blue and Congo red dyes, photocatalytic degradation followed pseudo-first-order with the constant rates of 0.0356 min-1 and 0.0348 min-1, respectively. After five cycles of use in the photocatalytic process, the catalyst's degradation efficiency fell into below 5%. This research demonstrated that catalysts could be utilized in wastewater treatment technology.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Komunitas Ilmuwan dan Profesional Muslim Indonesia</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2023-07-09</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://cst.kipmi.or.id/journal/article/view/1007</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.21924/cst.8.1.2023.1007</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Communications in Science and Technology; Vol. 8 No. 1 (2023); 1-9</dc:source>
	<dc:source xml:lang="id-ID">Communications in Science and Technology; Vol 8 No 1 (2023); 1-9</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2502-9266</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2502-9258</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.21924/cst.8.1.2023</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://cst.kipmi.or.id/journal/article/view/1007/123</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2023 Communications in Science and Technology</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>