Evaluation of physical properties of glass ionomer cement modified by ethanolic extract of propolis

Pratiwi, Deviyanti; Salim, Richentya Feiby; Putri, Tansza Permata Setiana; Hasan, Akhmad Endang Zainal

doi:10.20473/j.djmkg.v57.i3.p172-177

Open access Journal SINTA 1

Evaluation of physical properties of glass ionomer cement modified by ethanolic extract of propolis

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) · Vol. 57 No. 3 (2024) · pp. 172–177

DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v57.i3.p172-177
ISSN: 2442-9740, 1978-3728
Published: 2024-07-15
Publisher: Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en
Language: eng
License: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

Background: Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is a dental material often used in clinical practice. However, its use is limited due to its drawbacks. Natural resources such as propolis have been used to mainly enhance GIC’s antibacterial properties, but other properties attributed to this enhancement also require evaluation. Purpose: The study aims to evaluate the surface hardness, the surface roughness, and the water absorption of GIC containing ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) from Trigona spp. Methods: Samples in this study were divided into four groups: GIC (control group); GIC + 25% EEP; GIC + 30% EEP; and GIC + 35% EEP. Surface roughness was measured using a surface roughness tester. Surface hardness was measured using a micro-Vickers hardness tester. Water absorption was measured by weighing the samples before and after immersion in distilled water. Surface characterization was carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data was statistically analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk normality test and one-way variance analysis along with the post-hoc Tukey’s test to determine significant differences between all four samples. Results: The statistical test showed significant differences in surface hardness and surface roughness between the control group and the GIC + EEP group. However, the test demonstrated no significant differences in water absorption between the control group and the GIC + EEP group. Conclusion: The addition of EEP to conventional GIC can affect its physical properties.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

22 authors · 54 co-authorship links

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IPB University
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Co-author	Organisation	Joint articles
Tansza Setiana Putri	Affiliation unknown	2
Ono Suparno	Affiliation unknown	1
TITI CANDRA SUNARTI	Affiliation unknown	1
Djumali Mangunwidjaja	Affiliation unknown	1
Agus Setiyono	Affiliation unknown	1
Dimas Andrianto	Affiliation unknown	1
Rara Annisaur Rosyidah	Affiliation unknown	1
Dewi Liliany Margaretta	Affiliation unknown	1
Rosalina Tjandrawinata	Affiliation unknown	1
Khairul Anuar Shariff	Affiliation unknown	1
Eddy	Affiliation unknown	1
Juan Cassius Halim	Affiliation unknown	1
Florencia Livia	Affiliation unknown	1
Abida Zhafira Inayasary	Affiliation unknown	1
Aris Tri Wahyudi	IPB University	1
SRI BUDIARTI	Affiliation unknown	1
Siti Sholekha	Affiliation unknown	1
Ni Putu Ratna Ayu Krishanti	Affiliation unknown	1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/MKG/oai, first harvested 8 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.

Original metadata (oai_dc)

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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Evaluation of physical properties of glass ionomer cement modified by ethanolic extract of propolis</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Pratiwi, Deviyanti</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Salim, Richentya Feiby</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Putri, Tansza Permata Setiana</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Hasan, Akhmad Endang Zainal</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">glass ionomer cement</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">hardness test</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">propolis</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">surface roughness</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">water absorption</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Background: Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is a dental material often used in clinical practice. However, its use is limited due to its drawbacks. Natural resources such as propolis have been used to mainly enhance GIC’s antibacterial properties, but other properties attributed to this enhancement also require evaluation. Purpose: The study aims to evaluate the surface hardness, the surface roughness, and the water absorption of GIC containing ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) from Trigona spp. Methods: Samples in this study were divided into four groups: GIC (control group); GIC + 25% EEP; GIC + 30% EEP; and GIC + 35% EEP. Surface roughness was measured using a surface roughness tester. Surface hardness was measured using a micro-Vickers hardness tester. Water absorption was measured by weighing the samples before and after immersion in distilled water. Surface characterization was carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data was statistically analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk normality test and one-way variance analysis along with the post-hoc Tukey’s test to determine significant differences between all four samples. Results: The statistical test showed significant differences in surface hardness and surface roughness between the control group and the GIC + EEP group. However, the test demonstrated no significant differences in water absorption between the control group and the GIC + EEP group. Conclusion: The addition of EEP to conventional GIC can affect its physical properties. </dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2024-07-15</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:format>text/xml</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/MKG/article/view/45477</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20473/j.djmkg.v57.i3.p172-177</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi); Vol. 57 No. 3 (2024): September; 172-177</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2442-9740</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1978-3728</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/MKG/article/view/45477/29306</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/MKG/article/view/45477/39590</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2024 Dental Journal</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>