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Social determinants and oral health among cement industry workers

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) · Vol. 58 No. 4 (2025) · pp. 382–387

DOI
10.20473/j.djmkg.v58.i4.p382-387
ISSN
2442-9740, 1978-3728
Published
2025-09-01
Publisher
Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

Background: Cement industry workers are exposed to significant oral health risks due to hazardous conditions, but the role of social determinants in this context is not well understood. Purpose: This study investigates the association between social determinants and oral health among factory and office workers in the cement industry. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at PT. Semen Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. A stratified random sample of 83 workers was selected. Social determinants were assessed using World Health Organization (WHO) 2013 and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) questionnaires, while oral health was evaluated using decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMF-T), community periodontal index (CPI), and inspection. Ten calibrated dentists conducted dental examinations. Multiple linear regression was used for data analysis. Results: Factory workers exhibited higher rates of dental caries (95.83%), periodontal disease (87.50%), abrasion (91.67%), and attrition (87.50%), compared to office workers. Social determinants significantly associated with dental caries in factory workers included age, sugar intake, tooth-brushing frequency, and last dental check-up (r2 = 0.573), while only sugar intake was associated with caries in office workers (r2 = 0.290). For periodontal disease determinants associated with age, psychosocial factors, and smoking (r2 = 0.558) were significant in factory workers, whereas, in office workers, age, sugar intake, tooth-brushing frequency, last dental check-up, and smoking were significantly associated (r2 = 0.870). Age was the only significant determinant of abrasion and attrition in both groups. Conclusion: Social determinants influence oral health among cement industry workers, especially factory workers, due to physiological and psychological changes caused by working conditions. However, office workers also face oral health challenges due to poor oral health behaviors.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 117 co-authorship links · 3 across different organisations · showing the 40 most connected

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  • State University of Semarang
  • University of Technology Malaysia
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
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Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Sri NgabektiState University of Semarang5
Cahyo YuwonoAffiliation unknown5
Margareta RahayuningsihAffiliation unknown4
Tri RustiadiAffiliation unknown4
Saiful RidloState University of Semarang3
Al. Supartinah SantosoAffiliation unknown3
Nana Kariada Tri MartutiAffiliation unknown2
Dyah Rini IndriyantiAffiliation unknown2
Ning SetiatiAffiliation unknown2
Tommy SoenyotoAffiliation unknown2
Agus DarmawanAffiliation unknown2
Ranu Baskora Aji PutraAffiliation unknown2
Adi SAffiliation unknown2
Dwi Gansar Santi WijayantiAffiliation unknown2
Mugiyo HartonoAffiliation unknown2
Nasuka NasukaAffiliation unknown2
Rita Dian PratiwiAffiliation unknown2
Junaedi JunaediAffiliation unknown2
Nonik RahestiAffiliation unknown2
Endang Sri HananiAffiliation unknown2
Rumini RuminiAffiliation unknown2
Fajar Awang IrawanAffiliation unknown2
Dyah Rini IndriyantiState University of Semarang1
R. RahmawatiState University of Semarang1
Muji SlametAffiliation unknown1
Fahrul HuyopUniversity of Technology Malaysia1
Novita WindasariAffiliation unknown1
Tyas Agung PribadiAffiliation unknown1
Tia PrasetyaningtyasAffiliation unknown1
okvita sariAffiliation unknown1
Nur Rahayu UtamiAffiliation unknown1
Khasan FakhriAffiliation unknown1
Syarifah Naila HusnaAffiliation unknown1
Akhid DarwiAffiliation unknown1
Ratna Dewi PuspitasariAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/MKG/oai, first harvested 8 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Social determinants and oral health among cement industry workers</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Azzahra, R. E. Haura</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Amalia, Rosa</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Widhyharto, Derajad Sulistyo</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Pramono, Dibyo</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Priyono, Bambang</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">cement factory</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">factory workers</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">oral health</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">shift schedule</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">social determinant</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Background: Cement industry workers are exposed to significant oral health risks due to hazardous conditions, but the role of social determinants in this context is not well understood. Purpose: This study investigates the association between social determinants and oral health among factory and office workers in the cement industry. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at PT. Semen Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. A stratified random sample of 83 workers was selected. Social determinants were assessed using World Health Organization (WHO) 2013 and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) questionnaires, while oral health was evaluated using decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMF-T), community periodontal index (CPI), and inspection. Ten calibrated dentists conducted dental examinations. Multiple linear regression was used for data analysis. Results: Factory workers exhibited higher rates of dental caries (95.83%), periodontal disease (87.50%), abrasion (91.67%), and attrition (87.50%), compared to office workers. Social determinants significantly associated with dental caries in factory workers included age, sugar intake, tooth-brushing frequency, and last dental check-up (r2 = 0.573), while only sugar intake was associated with caries in office workers (r2 = 0.290). For periodontal disease determinants associated with age, psychosocial factors, and smoking (r2 = 0.558) were significant in factory workers, whereas, in office workers, age, sugar intake, tooth-brushing frequency, last dental check-up, and smoking were significantly associated (r2 = 0.870). Age was the only significant determinant of abrasion and attrition in both groups. Conclusion: Social determinants influence oral health among cement industry workers, especially factory workers, due to physiological and psychological changes caused by working conditions. However, office workers also face oral health challenges due to poor oral health behaviors.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-09-01</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
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	<dc:format>text/xml</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/MKG/article/view/60074</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20473/j.djmkg.v58.i4.p382-387</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi); Vol. 58 No. 4 (2025): December; 382-387</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2442-9740</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1978-3728</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/MKG/article/view/60074/33912</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/MKG/article/view/60074/35019</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2025 Dental Journal</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>