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Anemia incidence and nutritional status in children with uncorrected congenital heart disease at a teaching hospital in a developing country

Heart Science Journal · Vol. 7 No. 3 (2026) · pp. 62–68

DOI
10.21776/ub.hsj.2026.007.03.10
ISSN
2721-9984, 2721-9976
Published
2026-07-14
Publisher
Universitas Brawijaya
Language
en
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstract

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) remains a major contributor to pediatric morbidity and mortality, accounting for an estimated 251,247 infant deaths globally in 2017. In Indonesia, the incidence is approximately 8 per 1,000 live births. Both cyanotic and acyanotic CHD can impair nutritional status, while malnutrition may predispose to anemia and worsen clinical outcomes. Objective: To compare anemia prevalence and nutritional status between children with cyanotic and acyanotic CHD and to identify factors associated with anemia. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed medical records of pediatric CHD patients at Adam Malik Hospital, Medan, Indonesia, from 2023 to 2024. Nutritional status was assessed using standard anthropometric indices. Group comparisons were performed using the Mann–Whitney U and chi-square tests. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of anemia. Result: A total of 170 patients were included, equally distributed between cyanotic and acyanotic CHD. Tetralogy of Fallot (35.9%) was the most common diagnosis. Severe underweight was observed in 38.8% of patients, while most had normal height-for-age, weight-for-height, and BMI-for-age. Anemia was significantly less frequent in cyanotic than acyanotic CHD (22.4% vs 63.5%, p < 0.001). No significant differences in overall nutritional status were found between groups. However, weight-for-height was independently associated with anemia, indicating the role of acute malnutrition. Conclusion: Anemia differs between cyanotic and acyanotic CHD despite similar nutritional status. Acute malnutrition appears to be a key determinant, highlighting the importance of early nutritional assessment.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

31 authors · 116 co-authorship links · 7 across different organisations

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • National Cheng Kung University
  • Universitas Internasional Semen Indonesia
  • Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Angkatan Laut
  • Riau University
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Artya LathifahNational Cheng Kung University1
Muhammad Dliya’ul HaqNational Cheng Kung University1
Christoph Lorenz ReimannNational Cheng Kung University1
Yudi Agus SetiawanSekolah Tinggi Teknologi Angkatan Laut1
Yulianita Pratiwi Indah LestariAffiliation unknown1
Raudatul PatimahAffiliation unknown1
YuspaAffiliation unknown1
MuhammadAffiliation unknown1
Rahmalisa HafifahAffiliation unknown1
Soraya AldeinaAffiliation unknown1
Siti MursyidahAffiliation unknown1
Hikmah FitrianiAffiliation unknown1
Maulinda Nur Pramudyas Primia SetyaningrumAffiliation unknown1
Salman JumailiAffiliation unknown1
Yuliusman YuliusmanAffiliation unknown1
Lutfi Fahrul RizalAffiliation unknown1
Chaerul ShalehAffiliation unknown1
Dedi IrawanRiau University1
Okfalisa OkfalisaAffiliation unknown1
Romi Fadli SyahputraAffiliation unknown1
Saktioto SaktiotoAffiliation unknown1
Syamsudhuha SyamsudhuhaAffiliation unknown1
Haryana HairiAffiliation unknown1
Defrianto DefriantoAffiliation unknown1
Andika ThoibahAffiliation unknown1
Yan SoerbaktiAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://heartscience.ub.ac.id/index.php/heartscience/oai, first harvested 8 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Anemia incidence and nutritional status in children with uncorrected congenital heart disease at a teaching hospital in a developing country</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Amelia, Putri</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en"> Lubis, Nydia Akrami</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en"> Efendy, Elmeida</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Amelia, Rina </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Kannady, Johnson</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Acyanotic</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">cyanotic</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">hemoglobin</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">anemia</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">nutritional status</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) remains a major contributor to pediatric morbidity and mortality, accounting for an estimated 251,247 infant deaths globally in 2017. In Indonesia, the incidence is approximately 8 per 1,000 live births. Both cyanotic and acyanotic CHD can impair nutritional status, while malnutrition may predispose to anemia and worsen clinical outcomes.
Objective: To compare anemia prevalence and nutritional status between children with cyanotic and acyanotic CHD and to identify factors associated with anemia.
Methods: This retrospective study analyzed medical records of pediatric CHD patients at Adam Malik Hospital, Medan, Indonesia, from 2023 to 2024. Nutritional status was assessed using standard anthropometric indices. Group comparisons were performed using the Mann–Whitney U and chi-square tests. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of anemia.
Result: A total of 170 patients were included, equally distributed between cyanotic and acyanotic CHD. Tetralogy of Fallot (35.9%) was the most common diagnosis. Severe underweight was observed in 38.8% of patients, while most had normal height-for-age, weight-for-height, and BMI-for-age. Anemia was significantly less frequent in cyanotic than acyanotic CHD (22.4% vs 63.5%, p &amp;lt; 0.001). No significant differences in overall nutritional status were found between groups. However, weight-for-height was independently associated with anemia, indicating the role of acute malnutrition.
Conclusion: Anemia differs between cyanotic and acyanotic CHD despite similar nutritional status. Acute malnutrition appears to be a key determinant, highlighting the importance of early nutritional assessment.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Brawijaya</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-07-14</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://heartscience.ub.ac.id/index.php/heartscience/article/view/20349</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.21776/ub.hsj.2026.007.03.10</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Heart Science Journal; Vol. 7 No. 3 (2026): Predicting Restenosis in Coronary Artery Disease; 62-68</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2721-9984</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2721-9976</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.21776/ub.hsj.2026.007.03</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://heartscience.ub.ac.id/index.php/heartscience/article/view/20349/602</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Putri Amelia, Nydia Akrami  Lubis, Elmeida  Efendy, Rina  Amelia</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>