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Lightweight mutual authentication protocol for resource-constrained radio frequency identification tags with PRINCE cipher

IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence · Vol. 14 No. 4 (2025) · pp. 3435–3443

DOI
10.11591/ijai.v14.i4.pp3435-3443
ISSN
2252-8938, 2089-4872
Published
2025-08-01
Publisher
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a key technology for the internet of things (IoT), with widespread applications in the commercial, healthcare, enterprise, and community sectors. However, privacy and security concerns remain with RFID systems. This manuscript presents a novel RFID-based mutual authentication protocol (MAP) using the PRINCE cipher to address these concerns. The proposed MAP leverages a PRINCE cipher architecture capable of both encryption and decryption based on a mode signal. It performs five encryption and two decryption processes during tag and reader mutual authentication, with updated seed values ensuring synchronization and secure data communication. The PRINCE cipher implementation utilizes less than 1% of slices, operates at 226 MHz with a latency of 3.5 clock cycles (CC), and has a throughput of 4.125 Gbps. The complete RFID-based MAP consumes 721 mW of power, occupies 2% of the chip area, and achieves a latency of 35.5 CC and a throughput of 262 Mbps. This represents a 25% reduction in latency, a 40% increase in throughput, and a 30% decrease in execution time compared to existing MAP approaches. The findings demonstrate the potential of the proposed MAP to enhance latency, throughput, and execution time, offering a promising solution for secure and efficient RFID authentication.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

7 authors · 11 co-authorship links · 1 across different organisations

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  • New Horizon College of Engineering
  • PES University
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
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Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Kanduri V. S. S. S. S.SairamAffiliation unknown2
Madhavi MallamPES University1
Chaitra Soppinhalli NatarajuAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://ijai.iaescore.com/index.php/IJAI/oai, first harvested 8 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Lightweight mutual authentication protocol for resource-constrained radio frequency identification tags with PRINCE cipher</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Naik, Mahendra Shridhar</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Sreekantha, Desai Karanam</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Sairam, Kanduri V S S S S</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Nataraju, Chaitra Soppinahally</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Cryptography</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Cipher; Latency; Mutual authentication; PRINCE; Throughput</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a key technology for the internet of things (IoT), with widespread applications in the commercial, healthcare, enterprise, and community sectors. However, privacy and security concerns remain with RFID systems. This manuscript presents a novel RFID-based mutual authentication protocol (MAP) using the PRINCE cipher to address these concerns. The proposed MAP leverages a PRINCE cipher architecture capable of both encryption and decryption based on a mode signal. It performs five encryption and two decryption processes during tag and reader mutual authentication, with updated seed values ensuring synchronization and secure data communication. The PRINCE cipher implementation utilizes less than 1% of slices, operates at 226 MHz with a latency of 3.5 clock cycles (CC), and has a throughput of 4.125 Gbps. The complete RFID-based MAP consumes 721 mW of power, occupies 2% of the chip area, and achieves a latency of 35.5 CC and a throughput of 262 Mbps. This represents a 25% reduction in latency, a 40% increase in throughput, and a 30% decrease in execution time compared to existing MAP approaches. The findings demonstrate the potential of the proposed MAP to enhance latency, throughput, and execution time, offering a promising solution for secure and efficient RFID authentication.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science</dc:publisher>
	<dc:contributor xml:lang="en-US"></dc:contributor>
	<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
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	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://ijai.iaescore.com/index.php/IJAI/article/view/25346</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.11591/ijai.v14.i4.pp3435-3443</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI); Vol 14, No 4: August 2025; 3435-3443</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2252-8938</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2089-4872</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.11591/ijai.v14.i4</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://ijai.iaescore.com/index.php/IJAI/article/view/25346/14679</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2025 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
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