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A novel embedded approach to face recognition using multi-threaded controller based on weightless neural network

IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence · Vol. 15 No. 4 (2026) · pp. 3903–3918

DOI
10.11591/ijai.v15.i4.pp3903-3918
ISSN
2252-8938, 2089-4872
Published
2026-08-01
Publisher
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

This research presents a high efficiency embedded face recognition system based on the weightless neural network-face recognition algorithm (WNN-FRA) integrated with a multi-thread controller to enhance execution time and recognition accuracy under limited hardware resources. The system implements a center-scan feature alignment model to address resolution discrepancies between reference and input facial images. The multi-threaded architecture divides processing into three concurrent threads front, left, and right facial orientations each handling approximately 20 facial patterns. Experimental evaluation on a dataset of 60 facial images demonstrated a maximum recognition accuracy of 96.83% and an average execution time ranging from 16 to 34 milliseconds per dataset, confirming real-time performance. Comparative analysis shows that the multi-threaded approach reduced the execution time by over 67% compared to single-thread processing 0.09 second vs. 0.271 second, while maintaining balanced workload distribution across threads. Memory analysis revealed that the entire system required only 24 KB from the available 512 KB flash capacity, indicating efficient resource utilization. The results confirm that integrating WNN-FRA with multi-threading provides a robust, low-cost, and scalable solution for real-time facial pattern recognition in embedded environments.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 130 co-authorship links · 26 across different organisations · showing the 40 most connected

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Sriwijaya University
  • Universitas Dinamika Bangsa
  • Udayana University
  • Universitas Ahmad Dahlan
  • Al Baha University
  • Diponegoro University
  • Sultan Agung Islamic University
  • Other organisations
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Rahmat BudiartoAl Baha University14
Nurul AfifahAffiliation unknown6
Mohd. Yazid IdrisAffiliation unknown5
Kurniabudi KurniabudiUniversitas Dinamika Bangsa4
Sharipuddin SharipuddinUniversitas Dinamika Bangsa4
Benni PurnamaAffiliation unknown4
Bhakti Yudho SupraptoSriwijaya University4
Tole SutiknoUniversitas Ahmad Dahlan3
Darmawijoyo HanapiAffiliation unknown3
Munawar Agus RiyadiDiponegoro University2
Lina HandayaniUniversitas Ahmad Dahlan2
Imam Much Ibnu SubrotoSultan Agung Islamic University2
Eko Arip WinantoUniversitas Dinamika Bangsa2
Ahmad HeryantoAffiliation unknown2
Mohd Yazid Bin IdrisAffiliation unknown2
Darmawijoyo DarmawijoyoAffiliation unknown2
Bedine KerimAffiliation unknown2
M. Agus Syamsul ArifinAffiliation unknown2
Yoppy SazakiSriwijaya University2
Muhammad SyahroyniSriwijaya University2
I Gede YusaUdayana University1
Dewi BungaAffiliation unknown1
Ni Ketut Supasti DharmawanUdayana University1
Desak Putu Dewi KasihUdayana University1
Yaya Sudarya TrianaMercu Buana University1
Mohd Azam OsmanUniversiti Sains Malaysia1
Siti Badi'ahAffiliation unknown1
Nhadea Dwi AnandaAffiliation unknown1
Luthfi SalimAffiliation unknown1
Prawito PrajitnoUniversity of Indonesia1
Erlinda Ratnasari PutriAffiliation unknown1
Djarwani Soeharso SoejokoAffiliation unknown1
Yaya Sudarya TrianaAffiliation unknown1
Mohd Azam OsmanAffiliation unknown1
Adji PratomoAffiliation unknown1
Muhammad Fermi PashaAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://ijai.iaescore.com/index.php/IJAI/oai, first harvested 8 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc)
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">A novel embedded approach to face recognition using  multi-threaded controller based on weightless neural network</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Zarkasi, Ahmad</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Satria, Hadipurnawan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Primanita, Anggina</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Stiawan, Deris</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US"></dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Center scan recognition; Embedded system; Face recognition; Multi-thread controller; Real-time processing; Weightless neural network</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">This research presents a high efficiency embedded face recognition system based on the weightless neural network-face recognition algorithm (WNN-FRA) integrated with a multi-thread controller to enhance execution time and recognition accuracy under limited hardware resources. The system implements a center-scan feature alignment model to address resolution discrepancies between reference and input facial images. The multi-threaded architecture divides processing into three concurrent threads front, left, and right facial orientations each handling approximately 20 facial patterns. Experimental evaluation on a dataset of 60 facial images demonstrated a maximum recognition accuracy of 96.83% and an average execution time ranging from 16 to 34 milliseconds per dataset, confirming real-time performance. Comparative analysis shows that the multi-threaded approach reduced the execution time by over 67% compared to single-thread processing 0.09 second vs. 0.271 second, while maintaining balanced workload distribution across threads. Memory analysis revealed that the entire system required only 24 KB from the available 512 KB flash capacity, indicating efficient resource utilization. The results confirm that integrating WNN-FRA with multi-threading provides a robust, low-cost, and scalable solution for real-time facial pattern recognition in embedded environments.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science</dc:publisher>
	<dc:contributor xml:lang="en-US"></dc:contributor>
	<dc:date>2026-08-01</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US"></dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://ijai.iaescore.com/index.php/IJAI/article/view/30728</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.11591/ijai.v15.i4.pp3903-3918</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI); Vol 15, No 4: August 2026; 3903-3918</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2252-8938</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2089-4872</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.11591/ijai.v15.i4</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://ijai.iaescore.com/index.php/IJAI/article/view/30728/15356</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Zarkasi, Hadipurnawan Satria, Anggina Primanita, Deris Stiawan</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>