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Drivers of Tidal Flooding and Coastal Vulnerability in the Riau Islands, Indonesia: A Time-Series Analysis (2022-2024)

ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences · Vol. 30 No. 3 (2025) · pp. 425–437

DOI
10.14710/ik.ijms.30.3.425-437
ISSN
2406-7598, 0853-7291
Published
2025-09-10
Publisher
Marine Science Department Diponegoro University
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

The Indonesian Maritime Continent is highly vulnerable to climate variability and change, as exemplified by tidal flooding events in the Riau Islands from 2022 to 2024. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of sea level dynamics and anomalies associated with tidal flooding (rob) and identify the contributing factors. Data on tidal flooding events were gathered from press and online social media reports, while additional information on significant wave height, ocean currents, and wind was obtained from the CMEMS (Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service) Marine Copernicus archives (marine.copernicus.eu). Observational data from tide gauge stations were also accessed via the IOC sea level monitoring system (ioc-sealevelmonitoring.org). The findings revealed a high probability of tidal flooding during the north wind season, particularly in January and February. Notably, tidal elevations during flooding events reached 3.06 m on January 25, 2023, 3.00 m on February 21, 2023, and 3.09 m on February 12, 2024. These events were driven by a combination of oceanographic and atmospheric factors, including high tidal ranges during spring tides, strong wind speeds averaging 19.04 to 21.43 knots in January–February 2023 and 18.65 knots in February 2024, dominant southward current patterns, and significant wave heights reaching up to 1.08 m. The alignment of the sun, moon, and earth during full and new moon phases amplified gravitational forces, causing elevated sea levels. Furthermore, strong winds during the north wind season contributed to higher wave heights, intensifying flooding impacts. Analysis of current patterns indicates that the highest speeds were recorded during the northern wind season, specifically in January and February, which coincides with the tidal flooding events. The currents predominantly moved southward, aligning with the wind direction during this season. This study reveals oceanographic and atmospheric interactions driving tidal flooding, offering insights for mitigation and adaptation to enhance resilience in vulnerable coastal regions.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 156 co-authorship links · 31 across different organisations · showing the 40 most connected

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Naval State University
  • Diponegoro University
  • Universitas Trunodjoyo Madura
  • Bandung Institute of Technology
  • Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Angkatan Laut
  • National Research and Innovation Agency
  • Universitas Bani Saleh
  • Other organisations
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Sarjito SarjitoAffiliation unknown2
Parichat WetchayontAffiliation unknown2
Agus HartokoAffiliation unknown2
Anindya WirasatriyaAffiliation unknown2
Ayu PurwariantiBandung Institute of Technology1
Nugraha Priya UtamaBandung Institute of Technology1
Ida Bagus Peling PrayogaAffiliation unknown1
Andika Naufal HilmyAffiliation unknown1
Dwi Aji ZulfikarNaval State University1
YOYOK NURKARYA SANTOSANaval State University1
Endro Sigit KurniawanNaval State University1
Carudin CarudinUniversitas Bani Saleh1
Suhadi SuhadiUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Tri Retnaningsih SoeprobowatiDiponegoro University1
Amar Sharaf Eldin KhairOmdurman Islamic University1
Andin IrsadiState University of Semarang1
Sutrisno AnggoroDiponegoro University1
Forda Harjianto PutraUniversitas Trunodjoyo Madura1
Agus TinusSekolah Tinggi Teknologi Angkatan Laut1
Purry Djati AnggaraPusat Hidro-Oseanografi Angkatan Laut1
Taufiq SupriyantIndonesia Defense University1
Awaluddin AwaluddinHasanuddin University1
Yoyok Nurkaya SantosaAffiliation unknown1
Muhammad BakriAffiliation unknown1
Hawati HawatiAffiliation unknown1
Kurnia MalikSekolah Tinggi Teknologi Angkatan Laut1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/ijms/oai, first harvested 8 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Drivers of Tidal Flooding and Coastal Vulnerability in the Riau Islands, Indonesia: A Time-Series Analysis (2022-2024)</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Latifah, Laila</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Pranowo, Widodo Setiyo</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Mujiasih, Subekti</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ratnawati, Herlina Ika</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Hatmaja, Rahaden Bagas</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Suhana, Mario Putra</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Setiyadi, Johar</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Lelalette, Johanis Dominggus</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Izzaturrahim, Muh. Hafizh</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ismail, M. Furqon Azis</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Syah, Achmad Fachruddin</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ryanto, Fauzan Novan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Setiyono, Heryoso</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Helmi, Muhammad</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">tidal flooding; Riau islands coastal waters; wind speed; significant wave height; ocean currents</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">The Indonesian Maritime Continent is highly vulnerable to climate variability and change, as exemplified by tidal flooding events in the Riau Islands from 2022 to 2024. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of sea level dynamics and anomalies associated with tidal flooding (rob) and identify the contributing factors. Data on tidal flooding events were gathered from press and online social media reports, while additional information on significant wave height, ocean currents, and wind was obtained from the CMEMS (Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service) Marine Copernicus archives (marine.copernicus.eu). Observational data from tide gauge stations were also accessed via the IOC sea level monitoring system (ioc-sealevelmonitoring.org). The findings revealed a high probability of tidal flooding during the north wind season, particularly in January and February. Notably, tidal elevations during flooding events reached 3.06 m on January 25, 2023, 3.00 m on February 21, 2023, and 3.09 m on February 12, 2024. These events were driven by a combination of oceanographic and atmospheric factors, including high tidal ranges during spring tides, strong wind speeds averaging 19.04 to 21.43 knots in January–February 2023 and 18.65 knots in February 2024, dominant southward current patterns, and significant wave heights reaching up to 1.08 m. The alignment of the sun, moon, and earth during full and new moon phases amplified gravitational forces, causing elevated sea levels. Furthermore, strong winds during the north wind season contributed to higher wave heights, intensifying flooding impacts. Analysis of current patterns indicates that the highest speeds were recorded during the northern wind season, specifically in January and February, which coincides with the tidal flooding events. The currents predominantly moved southward, aligning with the wind direction during this season. This study reveals oceanographic and atmospheric interactions driving tidal flooding, offering insights for mitigation and adaptation to enhance resilience in vulnerable coastal regions.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Marine Science Department Diponegoro University</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-09-10</dc:date>
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	<dc:identifier>https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/ijms/article/view/70739</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.14710/ik.ijms.30.3.425-437</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences; Vol 30, No 3 (2025): Ilmu Kelautan; 425-437</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2406-7598</dc:source>
	<dc:source>0853-7291</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
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	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2025 ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences</dc:rights>
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